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| 1 | Strategies to tackle the challenges of external beam radiotherapy for liver tumors显示文摘Primary and metastatic liver cancer is an increasingly common and difficult to control disease entity.Radiation offers a non-invasive treatment alternative for these patients who often have few options and a poor prognosis.However,the anatomy and aggressiveness of liver cancer poses significant challenges such as accurate localization at simulation and treatment,management of motion and appropriate selection of dose regimen.This article aims to review the options available and provide information for the practical implementation and/or improvement of liver cancer radiation programs within the context of stereotactic body radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy guidelines.Specific patient inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented given the significant toxicity found in certain sub-populations treated with radiation.Indeed,certain sub-populations,such as those with tumor thrombosis or those with larger lesions treated with transarterial chemoembolization,have been shown to have significant improvements in outcome with the addition of radiation and merit special consideration.Implementing a liver radiation programrequires three primary challenges to be addressed:(1) immobilization and motion management;(2) localization;and(3) dose regimen and constraint selection.Strategies to deal with motion include simple internal target volume(ITV) expansions,non-gated ITV reduction strategies,breath hold methods,and surrogate marker methods to enable gating or tracking.Localization of the tumor and organs-at-risk are addressed using contrast infusion techniques to take advantage of different normal liver and cancer vascular anatomy,imaging modalities,and margin management.Finally,a dose response has been demonstrated and dose regimens appear to be converging.A more uniform approach to treatment in terms of technique,dose selection and patient selection will allow us to study liver radiation in larger and,hopefully,multicenter randomized studies. | Michael I Lock Jonathan Klein Hans T Chung Joseph M Herman Edward Y Kim William Small Nina A Mayr Simon S Lo | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，14： | 2 |
| 2 | The fixed mandibular implant:A 6-year review显示文摘 | | 1993 | J Oral Maxillofac Surg1993，51，： | 1 |
| 3 | Summary of the 2008 BTS/ SIGN British guideline on the management of asthma 显示文摘 | Levy ML Thomas M Small I | 2009 | Prim Care Respir J2009，181，： | 1 |
| 4 | Parameter and process significance in mechanistic modeling of cellulose hydrolysis显示文摘 | Rotter B E Barry D A Gerhard J I Small J S | 2009 | Bioresource Technol2009，99，13： | 1 |
| 5 | Hyaluronic acid (HA) binding to CD44 activates Rac 1 and induces lamellipodia out growth显示文摘 | Oliferenko S Kaverina I Small JV | 2000 | J Cell Biol2000，148，6： | 1 |
| 6 | A prospective study of complications related to mandibular third molar surgery显示文摘 | Osborn T P Fredefickson G Small I A | 1985 | J Oral Maxillofac Surg1985，43，10： | 1 |
| 7 | The evolution of RNA editing and pentatricopeptide repeat genes显示文摘 | Fujii S Small I | 2011 | New Phytol2011，191，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Repair of massive ventral hernias with the separation of parts technique: Reversal of the ' Loss of Domain' 显示文摘 | Hadad I Small W Ara G | 2009 | Am Surg2009，75，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Clinical and cost effectiveness ofswitching asthma patients from fluticasone - salmeterol to extra - fineparticle beclometasone - formoterol: a retrospective matched observation-al study of real - world patients显示文摘 | Price D Small I Haughney J | 2013 | Prim Care Respir J2013，22，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Human T cell epitopes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are evolutionarily hyperconserved显示文摘 | Comas I Chakravartti J Small PM | 2010 | Nat Genet2010，42，6： | 1 |
| 11 | Hyaluronic acid ( HA ) binding to CD44 activates Racl and induces larnel lipodia outgrowth 显示文摘 | Oliferenko S Kaverina I Small JV | 2000 | J Cell Biol2000，149，1： | 1 |
| 12 | A rapid high-throughput method for the detection and quantification of RNA editing based on high-resolutian melting of amplicons显示文摘 | Chateigaer-Boutin AL Small I | 2007 | Nucleic Acids Res2007，35，17： | 1 |
| 13 | Pentatricopeptide repeat proteins:A socket set for organelle gene expression显示文摘 | Sehmitz-Linneweber C Small I | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 14 | The PPR motif-a TPR-related motif prevalent in plant organellar proteins显示文摘 | SMALL I D PEETERS N | 2000 | Trends Biochem Sci2000，25，： | 1 |
| 15 | Resistance in maize inbred lines to Fusarium verticillioides and fumonisin accumulation in South Africa 显示文摘 | Small I Flett B Marasas W | 2012 | Plant Disease2012，96，6： | 1 |
| 16 | Predotar :a tool for rapidly screening proteomes for N-terminal targeting sequences 显示文摘 | Small I Peeters N Legeai F | 2004 | Proteomics2004，4，6： | 1 |
| 17 | Regulation of substrate adhesion dynamics during cell motility 显示文摘 | KAVERINA I KRYLYSHKINA O SMALL J V | 2002 | International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology2002，34，： | 1 |
| 18 | A rapid high-throughput method for the detection and quantification of RNA editing based on high- resolution melting of amplicons显示文摘 | Chateigner B A L Small I | 2007 | Nucleic Acids Res2007，35，17： | 1 |
| 19 | Long-term outcome and risk fac- tors of failure after bile duct injury repair显示文摘 | Goykhman Y Kory I Small R | 2008 | Gastrointest Surg2008，12，8： | 1 |
| 20 | The PPR motif-a TPR-related motif prevalent in plant organellar proteins 显示文摘 | Small I D Peeters N | 2000 | Trends Biochem Sci2000，25，2： | 1 |
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