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| 1 | Methods, units and quality requirements for the analysis of haemoglobin A_(1c) in diabetes mellitus显示文摘The formation of glycohemoglobin, especially the hemoglobin A1c(Hb_(A1c)) fraction, occurs when glucose becomes coupled with the amino acid valine in the β-chain of Hb; this reaction is dependent on the plasma concentration of glucose. Since the early 1970 s it has been known that diabetics display higher values of Hb_(A1c) because they have elevated blood glucose concentrations. Thus Hb_(A1c) has acquired a very important role in the treatment and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. After the introduction of the first quantitative measurement of Hb_(A1c), numerous methods for glycohemoglobin have been introduced with different assay principles: From a simple minicolumn technique to the very accurate automated highpressure chromatography and lastly to many automated immunochemical or enzymatic assays. In early days, the results of the quality control reports for Hb_(A1c) varied extensively between laboratories, therefore in United States and Canada working groups(WG) of the Diabetes Controls and Complications Trial(DCCT) were set up to standardize the Hb_(A1c) assays against the DCCT/National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program reference method based on liquid chromatography. In the 1990 s, the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine(IFCC) appointed a new WG to plan a reference preparation and method for the Hb_(A1c) measurement. When the reference procedureswere established, in 2004 IFCC recommended that all manufacturers for equipment used in Hb_(A1c) assays should calibrate their methods to their proposals. This led to an improvement in the coefficient of variation(CV%) associated with the assay. In this review, we describe the glycation of Hb, methods, standardization of the Hb_(A1c) assays, analytical problems, problems with the units in which Hb_(A1c) values are expressed, reference values, quality control aspects, target requirements for Hb_(A1c), and the relationship of the plasma glucose values to Hb_(A1c) concentrations. We also note that the acceptance of the mmol/mol system for Hb_(A1c) as recommended by IFCC, i.e., the new unit and reference ranges, are becoming only slowly accepted outside of Europe where it seems that expressing Hb_(A1c) values either only in per cent units or with parallel reporting of percent and mmol/mol will continue. We believe that these issues should be resolved in the future and that it would avoid confusion if mmol/mol unit for Hb_(A1c) were to gain worldwide acceptance. | Ilkka Penttil? Karri Penttil? P?ivi Holm Harri Laitinen P?ivi Ranta Jukka T?rr?nen Rainer Rauramaa | 2016 | World Journal of Methodology2016，6，2： | 3 |
| 2 | The influence of EDDS on the uptake of heavy metal in hydroponically grown sunflowers显示文摘 | Susan T Rainer S Bemd N | 2006 | Chemosphere2006，62，： | 1 |
| 3 | Neuroendocrine immune mechanisms in rheumatic diseases显示文摘 | Johannes W.J Bijlsma Rainer H Straub Alfonse T Masi Robert G Lahita Maurizio Cutolo | 2002 | Trends in Immunology2002，，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Can the full range of paramedic skills improve survival from out of hospital cardiac arrests? 显示文摘 | Mitchell R G Guly U M Rainer T H | 1997 | J Accid Emerg Med1997，14，5： | 1 |
| 5 | Trust in software outsourcing relationships: An empirical investiga- tion of Indian software eompanies显示文摘 | Oza N V Hall T Rainer A | 2006 | Information and Software Technology2006，48，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Column extraction of heavy metals from soils using biodegradable chelating agent EDDS显示文摘 | Lukas H Susan T Rainer S | 2005 | Environ Sci Technol2005，39，17： | 1 |
| 7 | Optical properties of Ag and Au nanoparticles dispersed within the pores of monolithic mesoporous silica 显示文摘 | Hofmeister H Rainer T | 2001 | Journal of Nanoparticle Research2001，3，56： | 1 |
| 8 | Asymmetric dimethylarginine plasma concentrations differ in patients with end-stage renal disease:relationship to treatment method and atherosclerotic disease显示文摘 | Jan T Kielstein Rainer H | 1999 | J Am Soc Nephrol1999，10，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Comparison of differ ent vibrant soundbridge audioprocessors with conventional hearing aids显示文摘 | Ingo T Rainer OS Manfred G | 2002 | Otology & Neurotology2002，23，： | 1 |
| 10 | EDTA is a better anticoagulant than heparin or citrate for delayed blood processing for plasma DNA analysis显示文摘 | Lam N Y Rainer T H Chiu R W Lo Y M | 2004 | Clin Chem2004，50，： | 1 |
| 11 | Supported monolayers containing preformed binding sites synthesis and interfacial binding properties of a thiolated β-cyclodextrin derivative显示文摘 | Maria T Rojas Rainer Koniger J Fraser Stoddart Angel E Kaifer | 1995 | J Am Chem Soc1995，117，： | 1 |
| 12 | MRI scanning and incus fixation in vibrant soundbridge implantation显示文摘 | Ingo T Rainer OS Sven M | 2004 | Otology & Neurotology2004，25，： | 1 |
| 13 | Trust in software outsourcing relationships: An empirical investigation of Indian software companies显示文摘 | Oza N V Hall T Rainer A Grey S G | 2006 | Information and Software Technology2006，48，5： | 1 |
| 14 | Cost effectiveness analysis of intravenous ketorolac and morphine for treating pain after limb surgery:double bind randomised controlled trial显示文摘 | Rainer T H Jacobs P Ng Y C | | 0，，05： | 1 |
| 15 | High tempera- ture strengthening mechanisms in the alloy platinum-5% rhodium DPH 显示文摘 | Katharina T Christian H L Rainer V | 2011 | Platinum Metals Review2011，55，4： | 1 |
| 16 | The determination of the seismic quality factor Q from VSP data: A comparison of different computation- al methods显示文摘 | Rainer T | 1991 | Geophysical Prospecting1991，39，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Defining a requirements process improvement model显示文摘 | Beecham S Hall T Rainer A | | 0，，13： | 1 |
| 18 | Cost effectiveness analysis of intravenous ketorolac and morphine for treating pain after limb injury:double blind randomised controlled trial显示文摘 | Rainer T H Jacobs P Ng Y C | 2000 | BMJ2000，321，7271： | 1 |
| 19 | Species identification of cooked fish by urea isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecylsulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, a collaborative study显示文摘 | Hartmut T Rainer K Ingrid M | 1999 | Food Chemistry1999，，67： | 1 |
| 20 | A quantitative and qualitative analysis of fac- tors affecting software processes显示文摘 | RAINER A HALL T | 2003 | Journal of Systems and Sort- ware2003，66，1： | 1 |
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