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| 1 | Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade: obligatory contribution of IL-2 receptors and negative prognostic impact of soluble CD25显示文摘堵住抗体 ipilimumab 的细胞毒素的 T 淋巴细胞 antigen-4 (CTLA-4 ) 在很少的病人导致变形黑瘤的调停免疫者的长期的控制。尽管 ipilimumab 无疑经由 immunostimulation 施加它的治疗学的效果,这样远的临床上有用的、 immunologically 相关的 biomarkers 预言治疗效率是逃犯的。这里,我们显示出 IL-2 的那中立化或堵住 α并且 βIL-2 受体的子单元(CD25 和 CD122,分别地) 否则在现出症状之前的潜的老鼠模型由 CTLA-4 封锁导致了,废除了 antitumor 效果和 intratumoral T 受动器对规章的房间(Tregs ) 的比率的伴随的改进,它是。CTLA-4 封锁导致了在失去了 FoxP3 表示并且在 regressing 肿瘤积累了的 IL-2-producing 受动器房间与伴随物上升表示 Lag3, ICOS, IL-10 和 Egr2 的一个镇压 CD4 + T 房间子集的减小。当 recombinant IL-2 改进了 CTLA-4 封锁的治疗学的功效时,圈套 IL-2 受体 α(IL-2Rα, sCD25 ) 禁止了 CTLA-4 的 anticancer 效果封锁。在收到 ipilimumab 的 262 个变形黑瘤病人, sCD25 的基线浆液集中代表了全面幸存的独立指示物,与预言到治疗的抵抗的高水平。总的来说,这些结果解开为在 CTLA-4 的 anticancer 活动的 IL-2 和 IL-2 受体的一个角色封锁。重要地,我们的学习提供第一 immunologically 相关的 biomarker,也就是提高的浆液 sCD25,那与黑瘤在病人预言抵抗到 CTLA-4 封锁。 | Dalil Hannani Marie Vetizou David Enot Sylvie Rusakiewicz Nathalie Chaput David Klatzmann Melanie Desbois Nicolas Jacquelot Nadege Vimond Salem Chouaib Christine Mateus James P Allison Antoni Ribas Jedd D Wolchok Jianda Yuan Philip Wong Michael Postow Andrzej Mackiewicz Jacek Mackiewicz Dirk Schadendorff Dirk Jaeger Alan J Korman Keith Bahjat Michele Maio Luana Calabro Michele WL Teng Mark J Smyth Alexander Eggennont Caroline Robert Guido Kroemer Laurence Zitvogel | 2015 | Cell Research2015，25，2： | 14 |
| 2 | T1ρ/T2 mapping and histopathology of degenerative cartilage in advanced knee osteoarthritis显示文摘AIM To investigate whether normal thickness cartilage in osteoarthritic knees demonstrate depletion of proteoglycan or collagen content compared to healthy knees.METHODS Magnetic resonance(MR) images were acquired from5 subjects scheduled for total knee arthroplasty(TKA)(mean age 70 years) and 20 young healthy control subjects without knee pain(mean age 28.9 years). MR images of T1ρ mapping, T2 mapping, and fat suppressed proton-density weighted sequences were obtained.Following TKA each condyle was divided into 4 parts(distal medial, posterior medial, distal lateral, posterior lateral) for cartilage analysis. Twenty specimens(bone and cartilage blocks) were examined. For each joint,the degree and extent of cartilage destruction was determined using the Osteoarthritis Research Society International cartilage histopathology assessment system.In magnetic resonance imaging(MRI) analysis, 2 readers performed cartilage segmentation for T1ρ/T2 values and cartilage thickness measurement.RESULTS Eleven areas in MRI including normal or near normal cartilage thickness were selected. The corresponding histopathological sections demonstrated mild to moderate osteoarthritis(OA). There was no significant difference in cartilage thickness in MRI between control and advanced OA samples [medial distal condyle, P = 0.461;medial posterior condyle(MPC), P = 0.352; lateral distal condyle, P = 0.654; lateral posterior condyle, P = 0.550],suggesting arthritic specimens were morphologically similar to normal or early staged degenerative cartilage.Cartilage T2 and T1ρ values from the MPC were significantly higher among the patients with advanced OA(P= 0.043). For remaining condylar samples there was no statistical difference in T2 and T1ρ values between cases and controls but there was a trend towards higher values in advanced OA patients. CONCLUSION Though cartilage is morphologically normal or near normal, degenerative changes exist in advanced OA patients. These changes can be detected with T2 and T1ρ MRI techniques. | Benjamin S Kester Philip M Carpenter Hon J Yu Taiki Nozaki Yasuhito Kaneko Hiroshi Yoshioka Ran Schwarzkopf | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，4： | 12 |
| 3 | 病理性近视脉络膜新生血管的治疗显示文摘病理性近视早期即可出现眼底病变且进行性加重,可导致视功能明显受损,其中脉络膜新生血管的发生是视力丧失的主要原因。文章对病理性近视的患病率、危害、自然转归、影响因素和治疗方法进行综述,着重探讨抗血管内皮生长因子药物治疗的进展。 | 许薇琦 Philip J Rosenfeld 孙晓东 | 2008 | 上海交通大学学报(医学版)2008，28，6： | 11 |
| 4 | 后循环大血管闭塞性卒中的血管内治疗策略:美国神经介入外科学会(SNIS)标准和指南委员会共识显示文摘后循环卒中大约占所有卒中的20%,但后循环急性大血管闭塞(pc-ELVO)仅占所有急性大血管闭塞性卒中的5%。尽管少见,但pc-ELVO患者往往病情严重,症状也不典型,良好预后率低。如何更好地对这些患者进行管理,是目前临床治疗的难点。近期,美国神经介入外科学会(SNIS)发布了一项关于后循环大血管闭塞性卒中的血管内治疗指南,旨在为pc-ELVO的影像学检查、诊断和血管内治疗技术提供详细的最新指导。 | Yasha Kayan Philip M Meyers Charles J Prestigiacomo Peter Kan Justin F Fraser 王丽娜(翻译) 刘焕(翻译) 贺迎坤(翻译) 邢莹(翻译) 何艳艳(翻译) 李天晓(翻译) 朱良付(翻译) 李钊硕(翻译) | 2019 | 中华介入放射学电子杂志2019，7，4： | 11 |
| 5 | Intermittent fasting promotes adipose thermogenesis and metabolic homeostasis via VEGF-mediated alternative activation of macrophage显示文摘 | Kyoung-Han Kim Yun Hye Kim Joe Eun Son Ju Hee Lee Sarah Kim Min Seon Choe Joon Ho Moon Jian Zhong Kiya Fu Florine Lenglin Jeong-Ah Yoo Philip J Bilan Amira Klip Andras Nagy Jae-Ryong Kim Jin Gyoon Park Samer MI Hussein Kyung-Oh Doh Chi-chung Hui Hoon-Ki Sung | 2017 | Cell Research2017，27，11： | 9 |
| 6 | Update on the natural history of intracranial atherosclerotic disease: A critical review显示文摘Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) contributes to a significant number of ischemic strokes. There is debate in the recent literature concerning the impact of the location of stenosis in ICAD on outcome. Some reports have suggested that disease processes and outcomes vary by vessel location, potentially altering the natural history and indications for intervention. Here we have performed a comprehensive, critical review of the natural history of ICAD by vessel in an attempt to assess the differences in disease specific to each of the vascular territories. Our assessment concludes that only minor differences exist between patients with different vessels affected in vessel-specific ICAD. We have found that middle cerebral artery disease confers a lower mortality than vessel-specific ICAD in other intracranial vessels, asymptomatic disease follows a more benign course than symptomatic disease, andthat plaque progression or the detection of microemboli on transcranial Doppler may predict poor outcome. Given the expanding indications for treatment of ICAD and rapidly developing endovascular techniques to confront this disease, a thorough understanding of the natural history of ICAD aids the interventional neuroradiologist in determining when to treat and how to predict outcome in this patient population. | Ricardo J Komotar Christopher P Kellner Daniel M Raper Dorothea Strozyk Randall T Higashida Philip M Meyers | 2010 | World Journal of Radiology2010，2，5： | 8 |
| 7 | 如何设计高质量针刺临床研究:基于证据的专家共识显示文摘本针刺随机对照试验(Randomised controlled trials, RCT)专家共识是基于目前针刺试验面临的最普遍、最关键问题,由临床医生、研究人员、从事针灸和外科的临床试验专家、统计专家、临床流行病学和方法学专家以及患者组成的国际临床研究小组联合制订。该共识将有助于临床试验资助者、注册者以及期刊编辑等评估针刺RCT方案及研究结果的相关性、重要性和质量。 | 张誉清 焦睿珉 Claudia M Witt 劳力行 刘建平 Lehana Thabane Karen J Sherman Mike Cummings Dawn P Richards Eun-Kyung Anna Kim Tae-Hun Kim Myeong Soo Lee Michael E Wechsler Benno Brinkhaus Jun J Mao Caroline A Smith 岗卫娟 刘保延 刘志顺 刘岩 郑晖 吴佳霓 AloBSO Carrasco-Labra Mohit Bhandari Philip J Devereaux 景向红 Gordon Guyatt | 2022 | 英国医学杂志中文版2022，25，6： | 7 |
| 8 | Predictors of suboptimal bowel preparation in asymptomatic patients undergoing average-risk screening colonoscopy显示文摘AIM To identify risk factors for a suboptimal preparation among a population undergoing screening or surveillance colonoscopy.METHODS Retrospective review of the University of Michigan and Veteran's Administration(VA) Hospital records from 2009 to identify patients age 50 and older who underwent screening or surveillance procedure and had resection of polyps less than 1 cm in size and no more than 2 polyps. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease or a family history of colorectal cancer were excluded. Suboptimal procedures were defined as procedure preparations categorized as fair, poor or inadequate by the endoscopist. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of suboptimal preparation.RESULTS Of 4427 colonoscopies reviewed, 2401 met our inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Of our population, 16% had a suboptimal preparation. African Americans were 70% more likely to have a suboptimal preparation(95%CI: 1.2-2.4). Univariable analysis revealed that narcotic and tricyclic antidepressants(TCA) use, diabetes, prep type, site(VA vs non-VA), and presence of a gastroenterology(GI) fellow were associated with suboptimal prep quality. In a multivariable model controlling for gender, age, ethnicity, procedure site and presence of a GI fellow, diabetes [odds ratio(OR) = 2.3; 95%CI: 1.6-3.2], TCA use(OR = 2.5; 95%CI: 1.3-4.9), narcotic use(OR = 1.7; 95%CI: 1.2-2.5) and Miralax-Gatorade prep vs 4L polyethylene glycol 3350(OR = 0.6; 95%CI: 0.4-0.9) were associated with a suboptimal prep quality. CONCLUSION Diabetes, narcotics use and TCA use were identified as predictors of poor preparation in screening colonoscopies while Miralax-Gatorade preps were associated with better bowel preparation. | Shail M Govani Eric E Elliott Stacy B Menees Stephanie L Judd Sameer D Saini Constantinos P Anastassiades Annette L Urganus Suzanna J Boyce Philip S Schoenfeld | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2016，8，17： | 7 |
| 9 | Risk stratification for ST segment elevation myocardial infarction in the era of primary percutaneous coronary intervention显示文摘Acute coronary syndromes presenting with ST elevation are usually treated with emergency reperfusion/revascularisation therapy. In contrast current evidence and national guidelines recommend risk stratification for non ST segment elevation myocardial infarction(NSTEMI) with the decision on revascularisation dependent on perceived clinical risk. Risk stratification for STEMI has no recommendation. Statistical risk scoring techniques in NSTEMI have been demonstrated to improve outcomes however their uptake has been poor perhaps due to questions over their discrimination and concern for application to individuals who may not have been adequately represented in clinical trials. STEMI is perceived to carry sufficient risk to warrant emergency coronary intervention [by primary percutaneous coronary intervention(PPCI)] even if this results in a delay to reperfusion with immediate thrombolysis. Immediate thrombolysis may be as effective in patients presenting early, or at low risk, but physicians are poor at assessing clinical and procedural risks and currently are not required to consider this. Inadequate data on risk stratification in STEMI inhibits the option of immediate fibrinolysis, which may be cost-effective. Currently the mode of reperfusion for STEMI defaults to emergency angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention ignoring alternative strategies. This review article examines the current risk scores and evidence base for risk stratification for STEMI patients. The requirements for an ideal STEMI risk score are discussed. | Richard A Brogan Christopher J Malkin Philip D Batin Alexander D Simms James M McLenachan Christopher P Gale | 2014 | World Journal of Cardiology2014，6，8： | 6 |
| 10 | Study on Characteristics of Co-firing Ammonia/Methane Fuels under Oxygen Enriched Combustion Conditions显示文摘Having a background of utilising ammonia as an alternative fuel for power generation, exploring the feasibility of co-firing ammonia with methane is proposed to use ammonia to substitute conventional natural gas. However, improvement of the combustion of such fuels can be achieved using conditions that enable an increase of oxygenation, thus fomenting the combustion process of a slower reactive molecule as ammonia. Therefore, the present study looks at oxygen enriched combustion technologies, a proposed concept to improve the performance of ammonia/methane combustion. To investigate the characteristics of ammonia/methane combustion under oxygen enriched conditions, adiabatic burning velocity and burner stabilized laminar flame emissions were studied. Simulation results show that the oxygen enriched method can help to significantly enhance the propagation of ammonia/methane combustion without changing the emission level, which would be quite promising for the design of systems using this fuel for practical applications. Furthermore, to produce low computational-cost flame chemistry for detailed numerical analyses for future combustion studies, three reduced combustion mechanisms of the well-known Konnov's mechanism were compared in ammonia/methane flame simulations under practical gas turbine combustor conditions. Results show that the reduced reaction mechanisms can provide good results for further analyses of oxygen enriched combustion of ammonia/methane. The results obtained in this study also allow gas turbine designers and modellers to choose the most suitable mechanism for further combustion studies and development. | XIAO Hua WANG Zhaolin VALERA-MEDINA Agustin BOWEN Philip J | 2018 | Journal of Thermal Science2018，27，3： | 6 |
| 11 | It is safe to use transdermal glyceryl trinitrate to lower blood pressure in patients with acute ischaemic stroke with carotid stenosis显示文摘Background There is concern that blood pressure(BP)lowering in acute stroke may compromise cerebral perfusion and worsen outcome in the presence of carotid stenosis.We assessed the effect of glyceryl trinitrate(GTN)in patients with carotid stenosis using data from the Efficacy of Nitric Oxide in Stroke(ENOS)Trial.Methods ENOS randomised 4011 patients with acute stroke and raised systolic BP(140-220 mm Hg)to transdermal GTN or no GTN within 48 hours of onset.Those on prestroke antihypertensives were also randomised to stop or continue their medication for 7 days.The primary outcome was the modified Rankin Scale(mRS)at day 90.Ipsilateral carotid stenosis was split:<30%;30-<50%;50-<70%;≥70%.Data are ORs with 95%CIs adjusted for baseline prognostic factors.results 2023(60.5%)ischaemic stroke participants had carotid imaging.As compared with<30%,≥70%ipsilateral stenosis was associated with an unfavourable shift in mRS(worse outcome)at 90 days(OR 1.88,95%CI 1.44 to 2.44,p<0.001).Those with≥70%stenosis who received GTN versus no GTN had a favourable shift in mRS(OR 0.56,95%CI 0.34 to 0.93,p=0.024).In those with 50-<70%stenosis,continuing versus stopping prestroke antihypertensives was associated with worse disability,mood,quality of life and cognition at 90 days.Clinical outcomes did not differ across bilateral stenosis groups.Conclusions Following ischaemic stroke,severe ipsilateral carotid stenosis is associated with worse functional outcome at 90 days.GTN appears safe in ipsilateral or bilateral carotid stenosis,and might improve outcome in severe ipsilateral carotid stenosis. | Jason P Appleton Lisa J Woodhouse Andrew Belcher Daniel Bereczki Eivind Berge Valeria Caso Hui Meng Chang Hanne K Christensen Ronan Collins John Gommans Ann C Laska George Ntaios Serefnur Ozturk Gillian M Sare Szabolcs Szatmari Yongjun Wang Joanna M Wardlaw Nikola Sprigg Philip M Bath for the ENOS investigators | 2019 | Stroke & Vascular Neurology2019，4，1： | 6 |
| 12 | Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic-assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial显示文摘 | Pierre J Guillou Philip Quirke Helen Thorpe Joanne Walker David G Jayne Adrian MH Smith Richard M Heath Julia M Brown | 2005 | The Lancet . 2005 (9472)2005，，9472： | 6 |
| 13 | Early combined immunosuppression or conventional management in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn’s disease: an open randomised trial显示文摘 | Geert D’Haens Filip Baert Gert van Assche Philip Caenepeel Philippe Vergauwe Hans Tuynman Martine De Vos Sander van Deventer Larry Stitt Allan Donner Severine Vermeire Frank J Van De Mierop Jean-Charles R Coche Janneke van der Woude Thomas Ochsenkühn Ad A | 2008 | The Lancet2008，，9613： | 5 |
| 14 | Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic-assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial显示文摘 | Pierre J Guillou Philip Quirke Helen Thorpe Joanne Walker David G Jayne Adrian MH Smith Richard M Heath Julia M Brown | 2005 | The Lancet2005，，9472： | 4 |
| 15 | Considerations for bariatric surgery in patients with cirrhosis显示文摘With the ever increasing global obesity pandemic, clinical burden from obesity related complications are anticipated in parallel. Bariatric surgery, a treatment approved for weight loss in morbidly obese patients, has reported to be associated with good outcomes, such as reversal of type two diabetes mellitus and reducing all-cause mortality on a long term basis. However, complications from bariatric surgery have similarly been reported. In particular, with the onslaught of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) epidemic, in associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, there is increasing prevalence of NAFLD related liver cirrhosis, which potentially connotes more risk of specific complications for surgery. Bariatric surgeons may encounter, either expectedly or unexpectedly, patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis(NASH) and NASH related cirrhosis more frequently. As such, the issues and considerations surrounding their medical care/surgery warrant careful deliberation to ensure the best outcomes. These considerations include severity of cirrhosis, liver synthetic function, portal hypertension and the impact of surgical factors. This review explores these considerations comprehensively and emphasizes the best approach to managing cirrhotic patients in the context of bariatric surgery. | George Boon-Bee Goh Philip R Schauer Arthur J McCullough | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，28： | 4 |
| 16 | Pathology grading of colon cancer surgical resection and its association with survival: a retrospective observational study显示文摘 | Nicholas P West Eva JA Morris Olorunda Rotimi Alison Cairns Paul J Finan Philip Quirke | 2008 | Lancet Oncology2008，，9： | 4 |
| 17 | 动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者出血后脑血管痉挛的介入治疗显示文摘本临床实践标准述及动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血患者出血后脑血管痉挛(post—hemorrhagiccerebralvasospasm,PHCV)的介入治疗。这些结论基于神经介入外科学学会的标准委员会的评估,包括使用由美国心脏协会卒中委员会和牛津大学循证医学中心提出的循证医学指南进行的文献回顾。特别关注现有介入治疗方法的安全性和有效性,包括腔内球囊血管成形术(transluminalballoonangioplasty,TBA)和动脉内血管扩张药物输注治疗(intra-arterialvasodilatorinfusiontherapy,IAVT)。评估结果显示,这些侵袭性介入治疗可能有益,并可考虑用于PHCV,如伴有脑缺血症状和最佳的药物治疗无效的患者的治疗。概括起来,IAVT对累及近端和(或)远端颅内脑循环的PHCV可能有益,而TBA则可能对累及近端颅内脑循环的PHCV有益。评估结果显示,对于上述适应证,根据美国心脏协会指南可将TBA和IAVT归为IIb级推荐和B级证据,根据牛津大学循证医学中心指南则可归为4级推荐和C级证据。 | Todd Abruzzo Christopher Moran Kristine A Blacldaam Clifford J Eskey Raisa Lev Philip Meyers Sandra Narayanan Charles Joseph Prestigjacol~ 黄凯滨(译) 吴永明(译) | 2013 | 国际脑血管病杂志2013，21，1： | 4 |
| 18 | Correlation and prognostic significance of beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase and serum monosialylated alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma显示文摘AIM: To investigate the correlation between tissue ST6Gal I and serum msAFP in HCC patients, and to investigate their prognostic significance.METHODS: Preoperative sera,paired tumorous and non-tumorous tissues were collected from 19 consecutive patients who had undergone surgical resection of HCC.ST6Gal T activities in the tissues were measured by an in vitro microsomal enzyme activity assay. The percentages of tumor-specific msAFP in the sera were also estimated by an isoelectric focusing-immunoblotting assay.RESULTS: The tumor ST6Gal I activity was negatively correlated with serum msAFP percentage (r = -0.53,P = 0.019). Both decreased tumor ST6Gal I activity andincreased serum msAFP percentage were associatedwith poor tumor cell differentiation. Univariate analyses showed that both decreased tumor ST6Gal T activity (P = 0.028), increased serum msAFP percentage (P = 0.034) and poor tumor cell differentiation (P = 0.031)were associated with shorter overall survival. Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression model showed that the preoperative serum msAFP percentage (P = 0.022)and tumor cell differentiation status (P = 0.048) were independent prognostic indicators for patient overall survival.CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the presence of msAFP in blood circulation is associated with a decreased activity of ST6Gal I activity in HCC. Both tissue ST6Gal I and serum msAFP are potential prognostic markers for patients with operable HCC. | Terence CW Poon Clarissa HS Chiu Paul BS Lai Tony SK Mok Benny Zee Anthony TC Chan Joseph JY Sung Philip J Johnson | 2005 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2005，11，42： | 4 |
| 19 | 植物凝集素串联法富集纯化血清多个亚糖蛋白质组显示文摘蛋白质糖基化修饰是哺乳动物中最为常见的一种翻译后修饰,蛋白质的寡糖侧链具有重要的生物学意义,如蛋白质分子间及细胞间相互作用、识别、肿瘤侵袭与转移等.本实验应用寡甘露糖型亲合层析柱、唾液酸型层析柱和O-连接糖蛋白亲合层析柱从血清中序列性提取寡甘露糖型、唾液酸型的N-连接糖蛋白及O-连接的糖蛋白,一维和二维电泳图谱显示血清各亚糖蛋白组图谱差异,并对富集的唾液酸型糖蛋白质组的二维电泳图谱中12个显著的差异蛋白质点进行质谱检测,鉴定出的14个蛋白均为N-连接糖蛋白.植物凝集素序列性提取血清各亚糖蛋白质组,显著减小了血清蛋白质组的复杂性和血清蛋白浓度波动范围,提高了质谱鉴定血清中对疾病诊断和疗效监测具有重要意义的生物标志物的灵敏性. | 齐义军 王攀 牛保华 侯艳芳 晁玮霞 WARD Douglas JOHSON Philip J 马远方 | 2011 | 中国科学:生命科学2011，41，5： | 3 |
| 20 | Dysfunctional stem and progenitor cells impair fracture healing with age显示文摘Successful fracture healing requires the simultaneous regeneration of both the bone and vasculature;mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are directed to replace the bone tissue, while endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) form the new vasculature that supplies blood to the fracture site. In the elderly, the healing process is slowed, partly due to decreased regenerative function of these stem and progenitor cells. MSCs from older individuals are impaired with regard to cell number, proliferative capacity, ability to migrate, and osteochondrogenic differentiation potential. The proliferation, migration and function of EPCs are also compromised with advanced age. Although the reasons for cellular dysfunction with age are complex and multidimensional, reduced expression of growth factors, accumulation of oxidative damage from reactive oxygen species, and altered signaling of the Sirtuin-1 pathway are contributing factors to aging at the cellular level of both MSCs and EPCs. Because of these geriatric-specific issues, effective treatment for fracture repair may require new therapeutic techniques to restore cellular function. Some suggested directions for potential treatments include cellular therapies, pharmacological agents, treatments targeting age-related molecular mechanisms, and physical therapeutics. Advanced age is the primary risk factor for a fracture, due to the low bone mass and inferior bone quality associated with aging;a better understanding of the dysfunctional behavior of the aging cell will provide a foundation for new treatments to decrease healing time and reduce the development of complications during the extended recovery from fracture healing in the elderly. | Diane R Wagner Sonali Karnik Zachary J Gunderson Jeffery J Nielsen Alanna Fennimore Hunter J Promer Jonathan W Lowery M Terry Loghmani Philip S Low Todd O McKinley Melissa A Kacena Matthias Clauss Jiliang Li | 2019 | World Journal of Stem Cells2019，11，6： | 3 |
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