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| 1 | CONSORT 2010说明与详述:报告平行对照随机临床试验指南的更新显示文摘大量证据显示随机对照临床试验(randomised controlled trial,RCT)的报告质量不理想。报告不透明,则读者既不能评判试验结果是否真实可靠,也不能从中提取可用于系统综述的信息。最近的方法学分析表明,报告不充分和设计不合理与对治疗效果产生评价偏倚有关。这种系统误差对RCT损害严重,而RCT正是以其能减少或避免偏倚而被视为评价干预措施的金标准。为了提高RCT的报告质量,一个由专家和编辑组成的工作组制定了临床试验报告的统一标准(Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials,CONSORT)声明。CONSORT声明于1996年首次发表,并于2001年更新。声明由对照检查清单和流程图组成,供作者在报告RCT时使用。许多核心医学期刊和主要国际性编辑组织都已认可CONSORT声明。该声明促进了对RCT的严格评价和解释。2001年,在对CONSORT进行修订时,人们就已经清楚地认识到,解释和说明制定CONSORT声明的原理,有助于研究人员等撰写或评价临床试验报告。一篇CONSORT说明与详述文章于2001年同2001版CONSORT声明一起发表。2007年1月的专家会议之后,对CONSORT声明作了进一步修订并已发表,即'CONSORT2010声明'。这次更新对原版对照检查清单作了文字上的修改,使其更为明晰,并收入了与一些新近才认识到的主题相关的建议,如选择性报告结局产生的偏倚。说明与详述文件旨在加强人们对CONSORT声明的理解、应用和传播,这次也作了大量修订,对每一项新增或更新的清单条目的含义和增改理由进行了解释,提供了优秀的报告实例,还尽可能地提供了相关的经验性研究的参考文献。文中收入了若干流程图实例。'CONSORT2010声明'、其说明与详述文件,以及相关网站(www.consort-statement.org),对于改进随机临床试验报告必将有所裨益。 | David Moher Sally Hopewell Kenneth F Schulz Victor Montori Peter C Gφtzsche P J Devereaux Diana Elbourne Matthias Egger Douglas G Altman 周庆辉 卞兆祥 刘建平 | 2010 | 中西医结合学报2010，8，8： | 318 |
| 2 | MicroRNAs显示文摘 | David P Bartel | 2004 | Cell2004，，2： | 43 |
| 3 | The role of gut microbiota(commensal bacteria)and the mucosal barrier in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and cancer:contribution of germ-free and gnotobiotic animal models of human diseases显示文摘Metagenomic approaches are currently being used to decipher the genome of the microbiota(microbiome),and,in parallel,functional studies are being performed to analyze the effects of the microbiota on the host.Gnotobiological methods are an indispensable tool for studying the consequences of bacterial colonization.Animals used as models of human diseases can be maintained in sterile conditions(isolators used for germ-free rearing)and specifically colonized with defined microbes(including non-cultivable commensal bacteria).The effects of the germ-free state or the effects of colonization on disease initiation and maintenance can be observed in these models.Using this approach we demonstrated direct involvement of components of the microbiota in chronic intestinal inflammation and development of colonic neoplasia(i.e.,using models of human inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal carcinoma).In contrast,a protective effect of microbiota colonization was demonstrated for the development of autoimmune diabetes in non-obese diabetic(NOD)mice.Interestingly,the development of atherosclerosis in germ-free apolipoprotein E(ApoE)-deficient mice fed by a standard low-cholesterol diet is accelerated compared with conventionally reared animals.Mucosal induction of tolerance to allergen Bet v1 was not influenced by the presence or absence of microbiota.Identification of components of the microbiota and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of their action in inducing pathological changes or exerting beneficial,disease-protective activities could aid in our ability to influence the composition of the microbiota and to find bacterial strains and components(e.g.,probiotics and prebiotics)whose administration may aid in disease prevention and treatment. | Helena Tlaskalova-Hogenova Renata Stepankova Hana Kozakova Tomas Hudcovic Luca Vannucci Ludmila Tuckova Pavel Rossmann TomasHrncır Miloslav Kverka Zuzana Zakostelska Klara Klimesova Jaroslava Pribylova Jirina Bartova Daniel Sanchez Petra Fundova Dana Borovska Dagmar Sru˚tkova Zdenek Zıdek Martin Schwarzer Pavel Drastich David P Funda | 2011 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2011，8，2： | 47 |
| 4 | 时间分辨红外光谱对丝蛋白膜构象转变动力学的研究──再生蚕丝蛋白膜在高浓度醇溶液中的构象转变显示文摘运用时间分辨红外光谱研究再生蚕丝蛋白膜在高浓度醇溶液中 (醇含量≥ 90 % )的构象转变过程 .研究结果表明 ,丝蛋白膜在纯甲醇中可以发生构象转变 ,但是在纯乙醇和纯异丙醇中却几乎不能发生构象转变 .进一步研究发现 ,当乙醇和异丙醇溶液中的水含量达到 7%~ 8%时 ,丝蛋白开始发生构象转变 .在研究的醇溶液浓度范围中 ,丝蛋白发生构象转变的速率随醇溶液中水含量的增加而增大 .根据实验结果 ,认为丝蛋白膜在溶液体系中 (无论是有机溶剂溶液还是离子溶液 )发生构象转变 ,膜的溶胀是一个前提因素 ,其原因在于溶胀可使分子链获得运动的空间 ,从而通过氢键重组而发生构象转变 . | 陈新 周丽 邵正中 周平 KNIGHT David P VOLLRATH Fritz | 2003 | 化学学报2003，61，4： | 22 |
| 5 | What is artificial meat and what does it mean for the future of the meat industry?显示文摘The meat industry cannot respond to increases in demand by ever increasing resource use. The industry must find solutions to issues regarding animal welfare, health and sustainability and will have to do so in the face of competition from emerging non-traditional meat and protein products in an increasingly complex regulatory environment. These novel meat and protein products, otherwise known as ‘artificial meat' are utilising ground breaking technologies designed to meet the issues facing the conventional meat industry. These artificial meats, in vitro or cultured meat and meat from genetically modified organisms have no real capacity to compete with conventional meat production in the present environment. However, meat replacements manufactured from plant proteins and mycoproteins are currently the biggest competitors and are gaining a small percentage of the market. Manufactured meats may push conventional meat into the premium end of the market, and supply the bulk, cheap end of the market if conventional meat products become more expensive and the palatability and versatility of manufactured meats improve. In time the technology for other artificial meats such as meat from genetic modified organisms or cultured meat may become sufficiently developed for these products to enter the market with no complexity of the competition between meat products. Conventional meat producers can assimilate agroecology ecology concepts in order to develop sustainable animal production systems. The conventional meat industry can also benefit from assimilating biotechnologies such as cloning and genetic modification technologies, using the technology to adapt to the changing environment and respond to the increasing competition from artificial meats. Although it will depend at least partly on the evolution of conventional meat production, the future of artificial meat produced from stem cells appears uncertain at this time. | Sarah P F Bonny Graham E Gardner David W Pethick Jean-Franois Hocquette | 2015 | Journal of Integrative Agriculture2015，14，2： | 15 |
| 6 | A candidate targeting molecule of insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ receptor for gastrointestinal cancers显示文摘Advances in molecular research in cancer have brought new therapeutic strategies into clinical usage.One new group of targets is tyrosine kinase receptors,which can be treated by several strategies,including small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors(TKIs) and monoclonal antibodies(mAbs).Aberrant activation of growth factors/receptors and their signal pathways are required for malignant transformation and progression in gastrointestinal(GI) carcinomas.The concept of targeting specif ic carcinogenic receptors has been validated by successful clinical application of many new drugs.Type I insulin-like growth factor(IGF) receptor(IGF-IR) signaling potently stimulates tumor progression and cellular differentiation,and is a promising new molecular target in human malignancies.In this review,we focus on this promising therapeutic target,IGF-IR.The IGF/IGF-IR axis is an important modifier of tumor cell proliferation,survival,growth,and treatment sensitivity in many malignant diseases,including human GI cancers.Preclinical studies demonstrated that downregulation of IGF-IR signals reversed the neoplastic phenotype and sensitized cells to anticancer treatments.These results were mainly obtained through our strategy of adenoviruses expressing dominant negative IGF-IR(IGF-IR/dn) against gastrointestinal cancers,including esophagus,stomach,colon,and pancreas.We also summarize a variety of strategies to interrupt the IGFs/IGF-IR axis and their preclinical experiences.Several mAbs and TKIs targeting IGF-IR have entered clinical trials,and early results have suggested that these agents have generally acceptable safety profiles as single agents.We summarize the advantages and disadvantages of each strategy and discuss the merits/demerits of dual targeting of IGF-IR and other growth factor receptors,including Her2 and the insulin receptor,as well as other alternatives and possible drug combinations.Thus,IGF-IR might be a candidate for a molecular therapeutic target in human GI carcinomas. | Yasushi Adachi Hiroyuki Yamamoto Hirokazu Ohashi Takao Endo David P Carbone Kohzoh Imai Yasuhisa Shinomura | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，46： | 14 |
| 7 | Anticancer immunotherapy by CTLA-4 blockade: obligatory contribution of IL-2 receptors and negative prognostic impact of soluble CD25显示文摘堵住抗体 ipilimumab 的细胞毒素的 T 淋巴细胞 antigen-4 (CTLA-4 ) 在很少的病人导致变形黑瘤的调停免疫者的长期的控制。尽管 ipilimumab 无疑经由 immunostimulation 施加它的治疗学的效果,这样远的临床上有用的、 immunologically 相关的 biomarkers 预言治疗效率是逃犯的。这里,我们显示出 IL-2 的那中立化或堵住 α并且 βIL-2 受体的子单元(CD25 和 CD122,分别地) 否则在现出症状之前的潜的老鼠模型由 CTLA-4 封锁导致了,废除了 antitumor 效果和 intratumoral T 受动器对规章的房间(Tregs ) 的比率的伴随的改进,它是。CTLA-4 封锁导致了在失去了 FoxP3 表示并且在 regressing 肿瘤积累了的 IL-2-producing 受动器房间与伴随物上升表示 Lag3, ICOS, IL-10 和 Egr2 的一个镇压 CD4 + T 房间子集的减小。当 recombinant IL-2 改进了 CTLA-4 封锁的治疗学的功效时,圈套 IL-2 受体 α(IL-2Rα, sCD25 ) 禁止了 CTLA-4 的 anticancer 效果封锁。在收到 ipilimumab 的 262 个变形黑瘤病人, sCD25 的基线浆液集中代表了全面幸存的独立指示物,与预言到治疗的抵抗的高水平。总的来说,这些结果解开为在 CTLA-4 的 anticancer 活动的 IL-2 和 IL-2 受体的一个角色封锁。重要地,我们的学习提供第一 immunologically 相关的 biomarker,也就是提高的浆液 sCD25,那与黑瘤在病人预言抵抗到 CTLA-4 封锁。 | Dalil Hannani Marie Vetizou David Enot Sylvie Rusakiewicz Nathalie Chaput David Klatzmann Melanie Desbois Nicolas Jacquelot Nadege Vimond Salem Chouaib Christine Mateus James P Allison Antoni Ribas Jedd D Wolchok Jianda Yuan Philip Wong Michael Postow Andrzej Mackiewicz Jacek Mackiewicz Dirk Schadendorff Dirk Jaeger Alan J Korman Keith Bahjat Michele Maio Luana Calabro Michele WL Teng Mark J Smyth Alexander Eggennont Caroline Robert Guido Kroemer Laurence Zitvogel | 2015 | Cell Research2015，25，2： | 14 |
| 8 | miR-200 family expression is downregulated upon neoplastic progression of Barrett's esophagus显示文摘AIM: To investigate miR-200 family expression in Barrett's epithelium, gastric and duodenal epithelia, and esophageal adenocarcinoma. METHODS: Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was used to measure miR-200, ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of miR-200 targets was used to predict biological outcomes. RESULTS: Barrett's epithelium expressed lower levels of miR-141 and miR-200c than did gastric and duodenal epithelia (P < 0.001). In silico analysis indicated roles for the miR-200 family in molecular pathways that distinguish Barrett's epithelium from gastric and duodenalepithelia, and which control apoptosis and proliferation. All miR-200 members were downregulated in adenocarcinoma (P < 0.02), and miR-200c expression was also downregulated in non-invasive epithelium adjacent to adenocarcinoma (P < 0.02). The expression of all miR-200 members was lower in Barrett's epithelium derived high-grade dysplastic cell lines than in a cell line derived from benign Barrett's epithelium. We observed signif icant inverse correlations between miR-200 family expression and ZEB1 and ZEB2 expression in Barrett's epithelium and esophageal adenocarcinoma (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: miR-200 expression might contribute to the anti-apoptotic and proliferative phenotype of Barrett's epithelium and regulate key neoplastic processes in this epithelium. | Cameron M Smith David I Watson Mary P Leong George C Mayne Michael Z Michael Bas PL Wijnhoven Damian J Hussey | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，8： | 13 |
| 9 | MicroRNAs显示文摘 | David P Bartel | 2004 | Cell2004，，2： | 10 |
| 10 | Intentional ingestions of foreign objects among prisoners: A review显示文摘The intentional ingestion of foreign objects(IIFO) is described more commonly in prison populations than in the general population, with an estimated annual incidence of 1 in 1900 inmates in our state correctional facilities. Incidents often involve ingestion of small metal objects(e.g., paperclips, razor blades) or other commonly available items like pens or eating utensils. Despite ingestion of relatively sharp objects, most episodes can be clinically managed with either observation or endoscopy. Surgery should be reserved for those with signs or symptoms of gastrointestinal perforation or obstruction. For those with a history of IIFO, efforts should focus on prevention of recurrenceas subsequent episodes are associated with higher morbidity, significant healthcare and security costs. The pattern of IIFO is often repetitive, with escalation both in frequency of ingestions and in number of items ingested. Little is known about successful prevention strategies, but efforts to monitor patients and provide psychiatric care are potential best-practice strategies. This article aims to provide state-of-the art review on the topic, followed by a set of basic recommendations. | David C Evans Thomas R Wojda Christian D Jones Andrew J Otey Stanislaw P Stawicki | 2015 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2015，7，3： | 10 |
| 11 | Up-regulation of mitochondrial chaperone TRAP1 in ulcerative colitis associated colorectal cancer显示文摘AIM:To characterize tumor necrosis factor receptorassociated protein 1(TRAP1)expression in the progression of ulcerative colitis(UC)-associated colorectal cancer.METHODS:Chronic UC is an inflammatory bowel disease that predisposes to colorectal cancer.Immunohistochemical analysis was used to evaluate TRAP1expression on tissue microarrays containing colonic tissues from 42 UC progressors(patients with cancer or dysplasia)and 38 non-progressors(dysplasia/cancer free patients).Statistical analyses of the TRAP1immunohistochemistry staining were performed using Graph Pad Prism.Differences in the TRAP1 level between non-progressors and progressors were tested for statistical significance using the Mann-Whitney test.Receiver operating characteristic curve method was used to quantify marker performance in distinguishing diseased cases from controls.RESULTS:TRAP1 was up-regulated in the colon tissues from UC progressors,but not in the colon tissues from UC non-progressors.Moreover,up-regulation of TRAP1 preceded the neoplastic changes:it was present in both the dysplastic and non-dysplastic tissues of UC progressors.When TRAP1 staining in rectal tissue was used as a diagnostic marker,it could distinguish progressors from non-progressors with 59%sensitivity and 80%specificity.Our study further showed that the increase of TRAP1 expression positively correlated with the degree of inflammation in the colorectal cancer tissues,which could be related to the increased oxidation present in the colonic mucosa from UC progressors.We then investigated the cellular proteome changes underlying oxidative stress,and found that oxidative stress could induce up-regulation of TRAP1 along with several other negative modulators of apoptosis.CONCLUSION:These results suggest that oxidative stress in long standing UC could lead to the increase of cytoprotective protein TRAP1,which in turn could promote cancer progression by preventing or protecting the oxidative damaged epithelial cells from undergoing apoptosis.TRAP1 could be a potential diagnostic marker for UC associated colorectal cancer. | Ru Chen Sheng Pan Keith Lai Lisa A Lai David A Crispin Mary P Bronner Teresa A Brentnall | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，45： | 9 |
| 12 | Elucidation of the ‘Honeycrisp’ pedigree through haplotype analysis with a multi-family integrated SNP linkage map and a large apple (Malus×domestica) pedigree-connected SNP data set显示文摘The apple(Malus×domestica)cultivar Honeycrisp has become important economically and as a breeding parent.An earlier study with SSR markers indicated the original recorded pedigree of‘Honeycrisp’was incorrect and‘Keepsake’was identified as one putative parent,the other being unknown.The objective of this study was to verify‘Keepsake’as a parent and identify and genetically describe the unknown parent and its grandparents.A multi-family based dense and high-quality integrated SNP map was created using the apple 8 K Illumina Infinium SNP array.This map was used alongside a large pedigree-connected data set from the RosBREED project to build extended SNP haplotypes and to identify pedigree relationships.‘Keepsake’was verified as one parent of‘Honeycrisp’and‘Duchess of Oldenburg’and‘Golden Delicious’were identified as grandparents through the unknown parent.Following this finding,siblings of‘Honeycrisp’were identified using the SNP data.Breeding records from several of these siblings suggested that the previously unreported parent is a University of Minnesota selection,MN1627.This selection is no longer available,but now is genetically described through imputed SNP haplotypes.We also present the mosaic grandparental composition of‘Honeycrisp’for each of its 17 chromosome pairs.This new pedigree and genetic information will be useful in future pedigree-based genetic studies to connect‘Honeycrisp’with other cultivars used widely in apple breeding programs.The created SNP linkage map will benefit future research using the data from the Illumina apple 8 and 20 K and Affymetrix 480 K SNP arrays. | Nicholas P Howard Eric van de Weg David S Bedford Cameron P Peace Stijn Vanderzande Matthew D Clark Soon Li Teh Lichun Cai James J Luby | 2017 | Horticulture Research2017，4，1： | 9 |
| 13 | Gastrointestinal neuroendocrine tumors treated with high dose octreotide-LAR:A systematic literature review显示文摘AIM:To review literature on efficacy and safety of octreotide-long-acting repeatable(LAR)used at doses higher than the Food and Drug Administration(FDA)-approved 30 mg/mo for treatment of neuroendocrine tumors(NETs).METHODS:We searched Pub Med and Cochrane Library from 1998-2012,5 conferences(American Society of Clinical Oncology,Endocrine Society,European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society,European Society for Medical Oncology,North American Neuroendocrine Tumor Society)from 2000-2013 using Me SH and keyterms including neuroendocrine tumors,carcinoid tumor,carcinoma,neuroendocrine,and octreotide.Bibliographies of accepted articles were also searched.Two reviewers reviewed titles,abstracts,and full-length articles.Studies that reported data on efficacy and safety of≥30 mg/mo octreotide-LAR for NETs in human subjects,published in any language were included in the review.RESULTS:The search identified 1086 publications,of which 238 underwent full-text review(20 were translated into English);17 were included in the review.Studies varied in designs,subjects,octreotide-LAR regimens,and definition of outcomes.Eleven studies reported use of higher doses to control symptoms and tumor progression,although symptom severity and formal quality-of-life analysis were not quantitatively measured.Ten studies reported efficacy,describing 260 subjects with doses ranging from 40 mg/mo or 30 mg/3 wk up to 120 mg/mo.Eight studies reported expert clinical opinion that supported dose escalation of octreotide-LAR up to 60 mg/mo for symptom control and suggested increased doses may be effective at preventing tumor progression.Eight studies reported safety;there was no evidence of increased toxicity associated with doses of octreotide-LAR>30 mg/mo.CONCLUSION:As reported in this review,octreotide-LAR at doses>30 mg/mo is being prescribed for symptom and tumor control in NET patients.Furthermore,expert clinical opinion provided support for escalation of somatostatin analogs for refractory hormonal symptoms. | Michael S Broder David Beenhouwer Jonathan R Strosberg Maureen P Neary Dasha Cherepanov | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，6： | 8 |
| 14 | Def defines a conserved nucleolar pathway that leads p53 to proteasome-independent degradation显示文摘通过 ubiquitination 小径的 p53 蛋白质周转是在它的 transcriptional 活动的规定的重要机制;然而,很少通过 proteasome 独立的小径对 p53 周转被知道。消化机关扩大因素(Def ) 蛋白质为消化机关的发展是必要的。在 zebrafish, def 的功能的损失有选择地 upregulates p53 反应基因的表示,它提出至于是在 Def 和 p53 之间的关系的一个问题。我们这里报导 Def 是核仁的蛋白质并且 def 的功能的损失导致 p53 蛋白质的 upregulation,它令人惊讶地在 nucleoli 积累。我们的广泛的研究证明了 Def 能调停这个过程是的 p53 蛋白质和那的降级在 Calpain3 的活动独立于 proteasome 小径,却依赖,半胱氨酸朊酶。我们的调查结果定义调整 p53 的周转功能的一条新奇核仁的小径,它将在 organogenesis 和 tumorigenesis 推进我们 p53 的角色的理解。 | Ting Tao Hui Shi Yihong Guan Delai Huang Ye Chen David P Lane Jun Chen Jinrong Peng | 2013 | Cell Research2013，23，5： | 8 |
| 15 | Vanishing bile duct syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus infected adults:A report of two cases显示文摘Vanishing bile duct syndrome(VBDS) is a group of rare disorders characterized by ductopenia,the progressive destruction and disappearance of intrahepatic bile ducts leading to cholestasis.Described in association with medications,autoimmune disorders,cancer,transplantation,and infections,the specific mechanisms of disease are not known.To date,only 4 cases of VBDS have been reported in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) infected patients.We report 2 additional cases of HIV-associated VBDS and review the features common to the HIV-associated cases.Presentation includes hyperbilirubinemia,normal liver imaging,and negative viral and autoimmune hepatitis studies.In HIV-infected subjects,VBDS occurred at a range of CD4+ T-cell counts,in some cases following initiation or change in antiretroviral therapy.Lymphoma was associated with two cases;nevirapine,antibiotics,and viral co-infection were suggested as etiologies in the other cases.In HIV-positive patients with progressive cholestasis,early identification of VBDS and referral for transplantation may improve outcomes. | Ana Paula Oppenheimer Christopher Koh Mary McLaughlin John C Williamson Thomas D Norton Jennifer Laudadio Theo Heller David E Kleiner Kevin P High Caryn G Morse | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，1： | 8 |
| 16 | Silicon carbide resonant tuning fork for microsensing applications in high-temperature and high G-shock environments显示文摘We present the fabrication and testing of a silicon carbide(SiC)balanced mass double-ended tuning fork that survives harsh environments without compromising the device strain sensitivity and resolution bandwidth.The device features a material stack that survives corrosive environments and enables high-temperature operation.To perform high-temperature testing,a specialized setup was constructed that allows the tuning fork to be characterized using traditional silicon electronics.The tuning fork has been operated at 600 ℃ in the presence of dry steam for short durations.This tuning fork has also been tested to 64 000 G using a hard-launch,soft-catch shock implemented with a light gas gun.However,the device still has a strain sensitivity of 66 Hz/με and strain resolution of 0.045 με in a 10 kHz bandwidth.As such,this balanced-mass double-ended tuning fork can be used to create a variety of different sensors including strain gauges,accelerometers,gyroscopes,and pressure transducers.Given the adaptable fabrication process flow,this device could be useful to micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS) designers creating sensors for a variety of different applications. | David R Myers Kan Bun Cheng Babak Jamshidi Robert G Azevedo Debbie G Senesky Li Chen Mehran Mehregany Muthu B J Wijesundara Albert P Pisano | 2012 | Engineering Sciences2012，10，5： | 6 |
| 17 | Failed biliary cannulation: Clinical and technical outcomes after tertiary referral endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography显示文摘AIM: Prospective evaluation of repeat endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) for failed Schutz grade 1 biliary cannulation in a high-volume center. METHODS: Prospective intention-to-treat analysis of patients referred for biliary cannulation following recent unsuccessful ERCP. RESULTS: Fifty-one patients (35 female; mean age: 62.5 years; age range: 40-87 years) with previous failed biliary cannulation were referred for repeat ERCP. The indication for ERCP was primarily choledocholithiasis (45%) or pancreatic malignancy (18%). Successful biliary can- nulation was 100%. The precut needle knife sphincterotomy (NKS) rate was 27.4%. Complications occurred in 3.9% (post-ERCP pancreatitis). An identif iable reason for initial unsuccessful biliary cannulation was present in 55% of cases. Compared to a cohort of 940 nave pa-pilla patients (female 61%; mean age: 59.9 years; age range: 18-94 years) who required sphincterotomy over the same time period, there was no statistical difference in the cannulation success rate (100% vs 98%) or postERCP pancreatitis (3.1% vs 3.9%). Precut NKS use was more frequent (27.4% vs 12.7%) (P = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Referral to a high-volume center following unsuccessful ERCP is associated with high technical success, with a favorable complication rate, compared to routine ERCP procedures. | Michael P Swan Michael J Bourke Stephen J Williams Sina Alexander Alan Moss Rick Hope David Ruppin | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，45： | 6 |
| 18 | 针对患者利益的机器学习和人工智能研究:在透明性、可重复性、伦理和有效性等方面的20个关键问题显示文摘机器学习(ML)、人工智能(AI)和其他现代统计方法正为利用先前尚未开发且极速增长的数据资源提供新的机会,以期让患者获益。尽管目前正在进行许多有前景的研究,特别是在图像方面,但就文献整体而言还缺乏透明度、对可重复性清晰的阐述、对潜在伦理问题的探究,以及对有效性的明确验证。这些问题的存在有许多原因,其中最重要的一点(为此我们提供了初步解决方案)就是当前缺乏针对ML和AI的最佳实践指南。我们认为从事研究的跨学科团队和应用ML/AI影响健康的项目,将因解决有关透明度、可重复性、伦理和有效性(TREE)的一系列问题而受益。这里提出的20个关键问题为研究团队提供了一个研究设计、实施和报告框架;帮助编辑和同行评审专家评估文献的贡献;让患者、临床医生和政策制定者评估新发现可能会给患者带来的获益。 | Sebastian Vollmer Bilal A Mateen Gergo Bohner Franz J Kirdly Rayid Ghani Pall Jonsson Sarah Cumbers Adrian Jonas Katherine S L McAllister Puja Myles David Granger Mark Birse Richard Branson Karel G M Moons Gary S Collins John P A Chris Holmes Harry Hemingwayp 李峰(译) 徐磊(校) 赵邑(校) | 2020 | 英国医学杂志中文版2020，23，9： | 5 |
| 19 | Comparison of two remote sensing models for estimating evapotranspiration: algorithm evaluation and application in seasonally arid ecosystems in South Africa显示文摘Remote sensing tools are becoming increasingly important for providing spatial information on water use by different ecosystems. Despite significant advances in remote sensing based evapotranspiration(ET) models in recent years, important information gaps still exist on the accuracy of the models particularly in arid and semi-arid environments. In this study, we evaluated the Penman-Monteith based MOD16 and the modified Priestley-Taylor(PT-JPL) models at the daily time step against three measured ET datasets. We used data from two summer and one winter rainfall sites in South Africa. One site was dominated by native broad leaf and the other by fine leafed deciduous savanna tree species and C4 grasses. The third site was in the winter rainfall Cape region and had shrubby fynbos vegetation. Actual ET was measured using open-path eddy covariance systems at the summer rainfall sites while a surface energy balance system utilizing the large aperture boundary layer scintillometer was used in the Cape. Model performance varied between sites and between years with the worst estimates(R2<0.50 and RMSE>0.80 mm/d) observed during years with prolonged mid-summer dry spells in the summer rainfall areas. Sensitivity tests on MOD16 showed that the leaf area index, surface conductance and radiation budget parameters had the largest effect on simulated ET. MOD16 ET predictions were improved by:(1) reformulating the emissivity expressions in the net radiation equation;(2) incorporating representative surface conductance values;and(3) including a soil moisture stress function in the transpiration sub-model. Implementing these changes increased the accuracy of MOD16 daily ET predictions at all sites. However, similar adjustments to the PT-JPL model yielded minimal improvements. We conclude that the MOD16 ET model has the potential to accurately predict water use in arid environments provided soil water stress and accurate biome-specific parameters are incorporated. | Sebinasi DZIKITI Nebo Z JOVANOVIC Richard DH BUGAN Abel RAMOELO Nobuhle P MAJOZI Alecia NICKLESS Moses A CHO David C LE MAITRE Zanele NTSHIDI Harrison H PIENAAR | 2019 | Journal of Arid Land2019，11，4： | 4 |
| 20 | Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales显示文摘 | C.P Wilkinson Frederick L Ferris Ronald E Klein Paul P Lee Carl David Agardh Matthew Davis Diana Dills Anselm Kampik R Pararajasegaram Juan T Verdaguer | 2003 | Ophthalmology2003，，9： | 4 |
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