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| 1 | Contrast-enhanced endoscopic ultrasound in discrimination between focal pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer显示文摘瞄准:作为基于微容器的灌注特征把发炎区分开来与胰腺的癌的一个方法评估提高对比的 endosonography。方法:在有怀疑的慢性胰炎的 86 个病人(变老:62+/-12 年;性别:f/m 38/48 ) ,胰腺的损害被常规内视镜的 B 模式,力量 Doppler 超声和提高对比的力量模式检验(日立 EUB 525, SonoVue, 2.4 mL, Bracco ) 用为恶意的损害的下列标准:用常规力量 Doppler 的没有可检测的 vascularisation 在用 SonoVue 提高对比的技术和没有可检测的静脉的容器里面的短距离上的动脉的容器的扫描、不规则的外观损害。如果所有标准是可检测的,恶意的损害被假定[内视镜的超声(EUS ) 指导了的标准答案好针渴望细胞学,操作] 。没有瘤形成的慢性胰炎的标准在 SonoVue 的注射前被定义为没有可检测的 vascularisation,在在 SonoVue 的注射和动脉、静脉的容器的察觉以后的至少 20 公里的距离上的容器的常规外观。结果:常规 EUS 的敏感和特性为胰腺的癌症分别地是 73.2% 和 83.3% 。与恶意的胰腺的损害和特性在 56 个病人中的 51 个增加到 91.1% 的提高对比的 EUS 的敏感与长期的煽动性的胰腺的疾病在 30 个病人中的 28 个增加了到 93.3% 。结论:提高对比的内视镜的超声改进在慢性胰炎和胰腺的癌之间的区别。 | Michael Hocke Ewald Schulze Peter Gottschalk Theodor Topalidis Christoph F Dietrich | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，2： | 43 |
| 2 | Interferon-α response in chronic hepatitis B-transfected HepG2.2.15 cells is partially restored by lamivudine treatment显示文摘AIM: To characterize the IFN-response and its modul- ation by the antiviral compound lamivudine in HBV- transfected HepG2.2.15 cells. METHODS: HepG2.2.15 and HepG2 cells were stimulated with various concentrations of IFN-a2a in the presence or absence of lamivudine. Then, total RNA was extracted and analysed by customised cDNA arrays and northern blot for interferon-inducible genes (ISGs). In addition, cellular proteins were extracted for EMSA and western blot. HBV replication was assessed by southern blot or ELISAs for HBsAg and HBeAg. RESULTS: Two genes (MxA, Cig5) with completely abolished and 4 genes (IFITM1, -2, -3, and 6-16) with partially reduced IFN-responses were identified in HepG2.2.15 cells. In 2 genes (IFITM1, 6-16), the response to IFN-a could be restored by treatment with lamivudine. This effect could not be explained by a direct modulation of the Jak/Stat signalling pathway since EMSA and western blot experiments revealed no suppression of Stat1 activation and ISGF3 formation after stimulation with IFN-a in HepG2.2.15 compared to HepG2 cells. CONCLUSION: These results are consistent with the assumption that chronic hepatitis B may specifically modulate the cellular response to IFN by a selective blockage of some ISGs. Antiviral treatment with lamivudine may partially restore ISG expression by reducing HBV gene expression and replication. | Shi-He Guan Mengji Lu Petra Grünewald Michael Roggendorf Guido Gerken Joerg F Schlaak | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，2： | 22 |
| 3 | Hepatitis B virus and micro RNAs:Complex interactions affecting hepatitis B virus replication and hepatitis B virusassociated diseases显示文摘Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus(HBV) is the leading risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC). With nearly 750000 deaths yearly, hepatocellular carcinoma is the second highest cause of cancer-related death in the world. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms that contribute to the development of HBV-associated HCC remain incompletely understood. Recently, micro RNAs(mi RNAs), a family of small non-coding RNAs that play a role primarily in post-transcriptional gene regulation, have been recognized as important regulators of cellular homeostasis, and altered regulation of mi RNA expression has been suggested to play a significant role in virus-associated diseases and the development of many cancers. With this in mind, many groups have begun to investigate the relationship between mi RNAs and HBV replication and HBV-associated disease. Multiple findings suggest that some mi RNAs, such as mi R-122, and mi R-125 and mi R-199 family members, are playing a role in HBV replication and HBV-associated disease, including the development of HBV-associated HCC. In this review, we discuss the current state of our understanding of the relationship between HBV and mi RNAs, including how HBV affects cellular mi RNAs, how these mi RNAs impact HBV replication, and the relationship between HBV-mediated mi RNA regulation and HCC development. We also address the impact of challenges in studying HBV, such as the lack of an effective model system for infectivity and a reliance on transformed cell lines, on our understanding of the relationship between HBV and mi RNAs, and proposepotential applications of mi RNA-related techniques that could enhance our understanding of the role mi RNAs play in HBV replication and HBV-associated disease, ultimately leading to new therapeutic options and improved patient outcomes. | Jason Lamontagne Laura F Steel Michael J Bouchard | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，24： | 17 |
| 4 | Transarterial chemoembolization using degradable starch microspheres and iodized oil in the treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma: evaluation of tumor response, toxicity, and survival显示文摘BACKGROUND: In a multidisciplinary conference patients with advanced non-resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) were stratified according to their clinical status and tumor extent to different regional modalities or to best supportive care. The present study evaluated all patients who were stratified to repeated transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) from 1999 until 2003 in terms of tumor response, toxicity, and survival. A moderate embolizing approach was chosen using a combination of degradable starch microspheres (DSM) and iodized oil (Lipiodol) in order to combine anti-tumoral efficiency and low toxicity. METHODS: Fourty-seven patients were followed up prospectively. TACE treatment consisted of cisplatin (50 mg/m2), doxorubicin (50 mg/m2), 450-900 mg DSM, and 5-30 ml Lipiodol. DSM and Lipiodol were administered according to tumor vascularization. Patient characteristics,toxicity, and complications were outlined. In multivariate regression analyses of pre-treatment variables from a prospective database, predictors for tumor response and survival after TACE were determined. RESULTS: 112 TACE courses were performed (2.4±1.5 courses per patient). Mean maximum tumor size was 75 (± 43) mm, in 68% there was bilobar disease. Best response to TACE treatment was: progressive disease (PD) 9%, stable disease (SD) 55%, partial remission (PR) 36%, and complete remission (CR) 0%. Multivariate regression analyses identified tumor size ≤75 mm, tumor number ≤5, and tumor hypervascularization as predictors for PR. The overall 1-, 2-, and 3-year-survival rates were 75%, 59%, and 41%, respectively, and the median survival was 26 months. Low α-fetoprotein levels (<400 ng/ml) (Odds ratio=3.3) and PR as best response to TACE (Odds ratio=6.7) were significantly associated with long term survival (>30 months, R2=36%). Grade 3 toxicity occurred in 7.1% (n=8), and grade 4 toxicity in 3.6% (n=4) of all courses in terms of reversible leukopenia and thrombocytopenia. The incidence of major complications was 5.4% (n=6). All complications were managed conservatively. The mortality within 6 weeks after TACE was 2.1% (one patient). CONCLUSIONS: DSM and Lipiodol were combined successfully in the palliative TACE treatment of advanced HCC resulting in high rates of tumor response and survival at limited toxicity. Favourable tumor response was associated with tumor extent and vascularization. TACE using DSM and Lipiodol can be considered a suitable palliative measure in patients who might not tolerate long acting embolizing agents. | Timm D Kirchhoff Joerg S Bleck Arne Dettmer Ajay Chavan Herbert Rosenthal Sonja Merkesdal Bernd Frericks Lars Zender Nisar P Malek Tim F Greten Stefan Kubicka Michael P Manns Michael Galanski | 2007 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2007，6，3： | 15 |
| 5 | Diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: A systematic review and meta analysis显示文摘AIM: To detect pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) has been varied. This study is undertaken to evaluate the accuracy of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) in detecting PNETs.METHODS: Only EUS studies confirmed by surgery or appropriate follow-up were selected. Articles were searched in Medline, Ovid journals, Medline nonindexed citations, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Database of Systematic Reviews. Pooling was conducted by both fixed and random effects model). RESULTS: Initial search identified 2610 reference articles, of these 140 relevant articles were selected and reviewed. Data was extracted from 13 studies (n = 456) which met the inclusion criteria. Pooled sensitivity of EUS in detecting a PNETs was 87.2% (95%CI: 82.2-91.2). EUS had a pooled specificity of 98.0% (95%CI: 94.3-99.6). The positive likelihood ratio of EUS was 11.1 (95%CI: 5.34-22.8) and negative likelihood ratio was 0.17 (95%CI: 0.13-0.24). The diagnostic odds ratio, the odds of having anatomic PNETs in positive as compared to negative EUS studies was 94.7 (95%CI: 37.9-236.1). Begg-Mazumdar bias indicator for publication bias gave a Kendall's tau value of 0.31 (P = 0.16), indication no publication bias. The P for χ2 heterogeneity for all the pooled accuracy estimates was > 0.10. CONCLUSION: EUS has excellent sensitivity and specificity to detect PNETs. EUS should be strongly considered for evaluation of PNETs. | Srinivas R Puli Nikhil Kalva Matthew L Bechtold Smitha R Pamulaparthy Micheal D Cashman Norman C Estes Richard H Pearl Fritz-Henry Volmar Sonu Dillon Michael F Shekleton David Forcione | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，23： | 14 |
| 6 | Direct ex vivo analysis of dendritic cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma显示文摘瞄准:与肝细胞癌(HCC ) 从病人分析树枝状的房间(DC ) 的显型和功能以便在这疾病理解他们的角色。方法:骨髓的的树枝状的房间在 HCC 病人的外部血被枚举。从外部血的天真、刺激的骨髓的的树枝状的房间上的 CD80, CD83, CD86 和 HLA 医生表示被分析。骨髓的的树枝状的房间从外部血被孤立,他们的功能被测试。吞噬作用用 FITC 葡聚糖祷告被分析,肽特殊刺激,在多形核白细胞 dI:dC 之上刺激 allogeneic T 房间和 cytokines 的分泌物的能力被测试。结果:骨髓的的树枝状的房间与 HCC 在病人被减少。在 CD80, CD83, CD86 和 HLA 医生表示的差别都没从 HCC 病人和健康控制在天真、刺激的骨髓的的树枝状的房间上被发现。肽 specific T 房间的正常吞噬作用或刺激与一个损害 allo-stimulatory 能力和减少的 IL-12 分泌物相对照被观察。结论:在病人的 mDCs 的损害 IL-12 生产能导致建议指导治疗可以提高的那 IL-12 的天真的 T 房间的一个损害 stimulatory 能力在 HCC 病人的肿瘤 specific 免疫者回答。 | Lars A Ormandy Anatol Frber Tobias Cantz Susanne Petrykowska Heiner Wedemeyer Monique Hrning Frank Lehner Michael P Manns Firouzeh Korangy Tim F Greten | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，20： | 12 |
| 7 | Propofol use in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic ultrasound显示文摘Compared to standard endoscopy,endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)and endoscopic ultrasound(EUS)are often lengthier and more complex,thus requiring higher doses of sedatives for patient comfort and compliance.The aim of this review is to provide the reader with information regarding the use,safety profile,and merits of propofol for sedation in advanced endoscopic procedures like ERCP and EUS,based on the current literature. | Danny G Cheriyan Michael F Byrne | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，18： | 11 |
| 8 | Loss of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ homeostasis: contribution to neuronal cell death during cerebral ischemia显示文摘 | Ankur BODALIA Hongbin LI Michael F JACKSON | 2013 | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2013，34，1： | 11 |
| 9 | Review of the evidence for the management of co-morbid Tic disorders in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder显示文摘Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorder in children and adolescents, with prevalence ranging between 5% and 12% in the developed countries. Tic disorders(TD) are common co-morbidities in paediatric ADHD patients with or without pharmacotherapy treatment. There has been conflicting evidence of the role of psychostimulants in either precipitating or exacerbating TDs in ADHD patients. We carried out a literature review relating to the management of TDs in children and adolescents with ADHD through a comprehensive search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases. No quantitative synthesis(meta-analysis) was deemed appropriate. Metaanalysis of controlled trials does not support an association between new onset or worsening of tics and normal doses of psychostimulant use. Supratherapeutic doses of dextroamphetamine have been shown to exacerbate TD. Most tics are mild or moderate and respond to psychoeducation and behavioural management. Level A evidence support the use of alpha adrenergic agonists, including Clonidine and Guanfacine, reuptake noradrenenaline inhibitors(Atomoxetine) and stimulants(Methylphenidate and Dexamphetamines) for the treatment of Tics and comorbid ADHD. Priority should be given to the management of co-morbid Tourette's syndrome(TS) or severely disabling tics in children and adolescents with ADHD. Severe TDs may require antipsychotic treatment. Antipsychotics, especially Aripiprazole, are safe and effective treatment for TS or severe Tics, but they only moderately control the co-occurring ADHD symptomatology. Short vignettes of different common clinical scenarios are presented to help clinicians determine the most appropriate treatment to consider in each patient presenting with ADHD and co-morbid TDs. | Michael O Ogundele Hani F Ayyash | 2018 | World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics2018，7，1： | 10 |
| 10 | Fundamentals of case study research in family medicine and community health显示文摘The aim of this article is to introduce family medicine researchers to case study research,a rigorous research methodology commonly used in the social and health sciences and only distantly related to clinical case reports.The article begins with an overview of case study in the social and health sciences,including its definition,potential applications,historical background and core features.This is followed by a 10-step description of the process of conducting a case study project illustrated using a case study conducted about a teaching programme executed to teach international family medicine resident learners sensitive examination skills.Steps for conducting a case study include(1)conducting a literature review;(2)formulating the research questions;(3)ensuring that a case study is appropriate;(4)determining the type of case study design;(5)defining boundaries of the case(s)and selecting the case(s);(6)preparing for data collection;(7)collecting and organising the data;(8)analysing the data;(9)writing the case study report;and(10)appraising the quality.Case study research is a highly flexible and powerful research tool available to family medicine researchers for a variety of applications. | Sergi Fàbregues Michael D Fetters | 2019 | Family Medicine and Community Health2019，7，2： | 8 |
| 11 | 野外空间采样的渐进式策略显示文摘介绍了有关地统计学(geostatistics)的基本理论,论述了顾及样本点位之间空间依赖性的空间采样方案的设计。基于总体上极大限度地降低克里金方差的思想,阐述了一个快速确立采样点位的序贯算法和块段克里金方法。由于野外作业的计算环境所限,数值方法和启发式搜索相结合的策略才是开发实用系统的明智选择。以假想数据为例,验证了所提算法的有效性。 | 张景雄 Michael F Goodchild | 2008 | 武汉大学学报(信息科学版)2008，33，5： | 7 |
| 12 | Catatonia:Our current understanding of its diagnosis, treatment and pathophysiology显示文摘Catatonia is a psychomotor syndrome that has been reported to occur in more than 10% of patients with acute psychiatric illnesses. Two subtypes of the syndrome have been identified. Catatonia of the retarded type is characterized by immobility, mutism, staring, rigidity, and a host of other clinical signs. Excited catatonia is a less common presentation in which patients develop prolonged periods of psychomotor agitation. Once thought to be a subtype of schizophrenia, catatonia is now recognized to occur with a broad spectrum of medical and psychiatric illnesses, particularly affective disorders. In many cases, the catatonia must be treated before any underlying conditions can be accurately diagnosed. Most patients with the syndrome respond rapidly to low-dose benzodiazepines, but electroconvulsive therapy is occasionally required. Patients with longstanding catatonia or a diagnosis of schizophrenia may be less likely to respond. The pathobiology of catatonia is poorly understood, although abnormalities in gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate signaling have been suggested as causative factors. Because catatonia is common, highly treatable, and associated with significant morbidity and mortality if left untreated, physicians should maintain a high level of suspicion for this complex clinical syndrome. Since 1989, we have systematically assessed patients presenting to our psychiatry service with signs of retarded catatonia. In this paper, we present a review of the current literature on catatonia along with findings from the 220 cases we have assessed and treated. | Sean A Rasmussen Michael F Mazurek Patricia I Rosebush | 2016 | World Journal of Psychiatry2016，6，4： | 7 |
| 13 | Circular smooth muscle contributes to esophageal shortening during peristalsis显示文摘AIM:To study the angle between the circular smooth muscle(CSM) and longitudinal smooth muscle(LSM) fibers in the distal esophagus.METHODS:In order to identify possible mechanisms for greater shortening in the distal compared to proximal esophagus during peristalsis,the angles between the LSM and CSM layers were measured in 9 cadavers.The outer longitudinal layer of the muscularis propria was exposed after stripping the outer serosa.The inner circular layer of the muscularis propria was then revealed after dissection of the esophageal mucosa and the underlying muscularis mucosa.Photographs of each specimen were taken with half of the open esophagus folded back showing both the outer longitudinal and inner circular muscle layers.Angles were measured every one cm for 10 cm proximal to the squamocolumnar junction(SCJ) by two independent investigators.Two human esophagi were obtained from organ transplant donors and the angles between the circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers were measured using micro-computed tomography(micro CT) and Image J software.RESULTS:All data are presented as mean ± SE.The CSM to LSM angle at the SCJ and 1 cm proximal to SCJ on the autopsy specimens was 69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 74.9 ± 3.09 degrees,P = 0.32.The CSM to LSM angle at SCJ were statistically significantly lower than at 2,3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the SCJ,69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 82.58 ± 1.34 degrees,84.04 ± 1.64 degrees,84.87 ± 1.04 degrees and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees,P = 0.013,P = 0.008,P = 0.004,P = 0.009 respectively.The CSM to LSM angle at SCJ was also statistically significantly lower than the angles at 6,7 and 8 cm proximal to the SCJ,69.3 ± 4.62 degrees vs 80.18 ± 2.09 degrees,81.81 ± 1.75 degrees and 80.96 ± 2.04 degrees,P = 0.05,P = 0.02,P = 0.03 respectively.The CSM to LSM angle at 1 cm proximal to SCJ was statistically significantly lower than at 3,4 and 5 cm proximal to the SCJ,74.94 ± 3.09 degrees vs 84.04 ± 1.64 degrees,84.87 ± 1.04 degrees and 83.72 ± 1.42 degrees,P = 0.019,P = 0.008,P = 0.02 respectively.At 10 cm above SCJ the angle was 80.06 ± 2.13 degrees which is close to being perpendicular but less than 90 degrees.The CSM to LSM angles measured on virtual dissection of the esophagus and the stomach on micro CT at the SCJ and 1 cm proximal to the SCJ were 48.39 ± 0.72 degrees and 50.81 ± 1.59 degrees.Rather than the angle of the CSM and LSM being perpendicular in the esophagus we found an acute angulation between these two muscle groups throughout the lower 10 cm of the esophagus.CONCLUSION:The oblique angulation of the CSM may contribute to the significantly greater shortening of distal esophagus when compared to the mid and proximal esophagus during peristalsis. | Anil K Vegesna Keng-Yu Chuang Ramashesai Besetty Steven J Phillips Alan S Braverman Mary F Barbe Michael R Ruggieri Larry S Miller | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，32： | 7 |
| 14 | Quality of life:A critical outcome for all surgical treatmentsof gastric cancer显示文摘Surgery represents the main curative therapeutic modality for gastric cancer, and it is occasionally considered for palliation as well as prophylaxis. Most frequently, surgical outcomes are conveyed in terms of oncological outcomes such as recurrence and survival.However, quality of life(Qo L) is also important and should be considered when making treatment decisions- including the extent of and approach to surgery. Measurement of Qo L usually involves the application of questionnaires. While there are multiple Qo L questionnaires validated for use in oncology patients, there are very few that have been validated for use in those with gastric cancer. In this review, we discuss and compare the current status of Qo L questionnaires in gastric cancer. More importantly, the impact of surgery for treatment, palliation and prophylaxis of gastric cancer on Qo L will be described. These data should inform the surgeon on the optimal approach to treating gastric cancer, taking into account oncological outcomes. Knowledge gaps are also identified, providing a roadmap for future studies. | Michael D McCall Peter J Graham Oliver F Bathe | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，3： | 7 |
| 15 | Response to endoscopic therapy for biliary anastomotic strictures in deceased versus living donor liver transplantation显示文摘BACKGROUND:Endoscopic therapy has been successful in the management of biliary complications after both deceased donor liver transplantation(DDLT) and living donor liver transplantation(LDLT).LDLT is thought to be associated with higher rates of biliary complications,but there are few studies comparing the success of endoscopic management of anastomotic strictures between the two groups.This study aims to compare our experience in the endoscopic management of anastomotic strictures in DDLT versus LDLT.METHODS:This is a retrospective database review of all liver transplant patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) after liver transplantation.The frequency of anastomotic stricture and the time to develop and to resolve anastomotic stricture were compared between DDLT and LDLT.The response of anastomotic stricture to endoscopic therapy was also analyzed.RESULTS:A total of 362 patients underwent liver transplantation between 2003 and 2011,with 125 requiring ERCP to manage biliary complications.Thirty-three(9.9%) cases of DDLT and 8(27.6%) of LDLT(P=0.01) were found to have anastomotic stricture.When comparing DDLT and LDLT,there was no difference in the mean time to the development of anastomotic strictures(98±17 vs 172±65 days,P=0.11),likelihood of response to ERCP [22(66.7%) vs 6(75.0%),P=0.69],mean time to the resolution of anastomotic strictures(268±77 vs 125±37 days,P=0.34),and the number of ERCPs required to achieve resolution(3.9±0.4 vs 4.7±0.9,P=0.38).CONCLUSIONS:Endoscopic therapy is effective in the majority of biliary complications relating to liver transplantation.Anastomotic strictures occur more frequently in LDLT compared with DDLT,with equivalent endoscopic treatment response and outcomes for both groups. | Calvin HY Chan Fergal Donnellan Michael F Byrne Alan Coss Mazhar Haque Holly Wiesenger Charles H Scudamore Urs P Steinbrecher Alan A Weiss Eric M Yoshida | 2013 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2013，12，5： | 7 |
| 16 | Cancer risk in IBD: How to diagnose and how to manage DALM and ALM显示文摘The risk of developing neoplasia leading to colorectal cancer is significantly increased in ulcerative colitis (UC) and most likely in Crohn's disease. Several endoscopic surveillance strategies have been implemented to identify these lesions. The main issue is that colitisassociated neoplasms often occurs in flat mucosa, often being detected on taking random biopsies rather than by identification of these lesions via endoscopic imaging. The standard diagnostic procedure in long lasting UC is to take four biopsies every 10 cm. Image enhancement methods, such as chromoendoscopy and virtual histology using endomicroscopy, have greatly im- proved neoplasia detection rates and may contribute toreduced random biopsies by taking targeted 'smart' biopsies. Chromoendoscopy may effectively be performed by experienced endoscopists for routine screening of UC patients. By contrast, endomicroscopy is often only available in selected specialized endoscopic centers. Importantly, advanced endoscopic imaging has the poten- tial to increase the detection rate of neoplasia whereas the interplay between endoscopic experience and interpretation of histological biopsy evaluation allows the physician to make a proper diagnosis and to find the appropriate therapeutic approach. Colitis-associated intraepithelial neoplasms may occur in flat mucosa of endoscopically normal appearance or may arise as dysplasia-associated lesion or mass (DALM), which may be indistinguishable from sporadic adenomas in healthy or non-colitis mucosa [adenoma-like mass (ALM)]. The aim of this review was to summarize endoscopic and histological characteristics of DALM and ALM in the context of therapeutic procedures. | Helmut Neumann Michael Vieth Cord Langner Markus F Neurath Jonas Mudter | 2011 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2011，17，27： | 6 |
| 17 | How to perform gastrointestinal ultrasound: anatomy and normal findings显示文摘Gastrointestinal ultrasound is a practical, safe, cheap and reproducible diagnostic tool in inflammatorybowel disease gaining global prominence amongst clinicians. Understanding the embryological processes of the intestinal tract assists in the interpretation of abnormal sonographic findings. In general terms, the examination principally comprises interrogation of the colon, mesentery and small intestine using both lowfrequency and high-frequency probes. Interpretation of findings on GIUS includes assessment of bowel wall thickness, symmetry of this thickness, evidence of transmural changes, assessment of vascularity using Doppler imaging and assessment of other specific features including lymph nodes, mesentery and luminal motility. In addition to B-mode imaging, transperineal ultrasonography, elastography and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography are useful adjuncts. This supplement expands upon these features in more depth. | Nathan S S Atkinson Robert V Bryant Yi Dong Christian Maaser Torsten Kucharzik Giovanni Maconi Anil K Asthana Michael Blaivas Adrian Goudie Odd Helge Gilja Dieter Nuernberg Dagmar Schreiber-Dietrich Christoph F Dietrich | 2017 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2017，23，38： | 5 |
| 18 | Mechanisms of biliary carcinogenesis and growth显示文摘Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare cancer originating from the neoplastic transformation of the epithelial cells (i.e. cholangiocytes) that line the biliary tract. The prognosis for patients with cholangiocarcinoma is grim due to lack of viable treatment options. The increase in world-wide incidence and mortality from cholangiocarcinoma highlights the importance of understanding the intracellular mechanisms that trigger the neoplastic transformation of cholangiocytes and the growth of biliary cancers. The purpose of the following review is to address what has been learned over the past decade concerning the molecular basis of cholangiocarcinogenesis. The material presented is divided into two sections:(1) mechanisms regulating neoplastic transformation of cholangiocytes; and (2) factors regulating cholangiocarcinoma growth. An understanding of the growth regulatory mechanisms of cholangiocarcinoma will lead to the identification of therapeutic targets for this devastating cancer. | Candace Wise Metaneeya Pilanthananond Benjamin F Perry Gianfranco Alpini Michael McNeal Shannon S Glaser | 2008 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2008，14，19： | 5 |
| 19 | First case report of exacerbated ulcerative colitis after anti-interleukin-6R salvage therapy显示文摘We present the case of a 53-year-old woman with long-standing ulcerative colitis and severe, steroid-dependent disease course unresponsive to treatment with azathioprine, methotrexate, anti-TNF antibodies(infliximab, adalimumab) and tacrolimus, who refused colectomy as a therapeutic option. As the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6(IL-6) had been identified as a crucial regulator in the immunopathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases, we treated the patient with biweekly intravenous infusions of an anti-IL-6R antibody(tocilizumab) for 12 wk. However, no clinical improvement of disease activity was noted. In fact, endoscopic, histological and endomicroscopic assessment demonstrated exacerbation of mucosal inflammation and ulcer formation upon anti-IL-6R therapy. Mechanistic studies revealed that tocilizumab treatment failed to suppress intestinal IL-6 production, impaired epithelial barrier function and induced production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF, IL-21 and IFN-γ. Inhibition of IL-6 by tocilizumab had no clinical benefit in this patient with intractable ulcerative colitis and even led to exacerbation of mucosal inflammation. Our findings suggest that anti-IL-6R antibody therapy may leadto aggravation of anti-TNF resistant ulcerative colitis. When targeting IL-6, the differential responsiveness of target cells has to be taken into account, as IL-6 on the one side promotes acute and chronic mucosal inflammation via soluble IL-6R signaling but on the other side also strongly contributes to epithelial cell survival via membrane bound IL-6R signaling. | Raja Atreya Ulrike Billmeier Timo Rath Jonas Mudter Michael Vieth Helmut Neumann Markus F Neurath | 2015 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2015，21，45： | 5 |
| 20 | Hepatitis B and D Viruses Exploit Sodium Taurocholate Co-transporting Polypeptide for Species-specific Entry into Hepatocytes显示文摘 | Yi Ni Florian A. Lempp Stefan Mehrle Shirin Nkongolo Christina Kaufman Maria F?lth Jan Stindt Christian K?niger Michael Nassal Ralf Kubitz Holger Sültmann Stephan Urban | 2013 | Gastroenterology2013，，： | 5 |
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