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| 1 | Politeness: Is There an East-West Divide?显示文摘The theory of politeness of Brown and Levinson (1978, 1987) has remained the most seminal and influential starting point for cross-cultural and cross-linguistic contrastive pragmatics. Yet is has also provoked countervailing arguments from Ide (1989, 1993), Matsumoto (1989), Gu (1990), Mao (1994) and others, pointing out a Western bias in Brown and Levinson’s theory, particularly in their construal of the concept of ‘face’, in their overemphasis on face-threat and their assumption of individualistic and egalitarian motivations, as opposed to the more group-centred hierarchy-based ethos of Eastern societies. This leads to the question in the title of this article: Is there an East-West divide in politeness? The following argument will be presented. There is an overarching framework for studying linguistic politeness phenomena in communication: a common principle of politeness (Leech, 1983, 2002) and a Grand Strategy of Politeness (GSP), which is evident in common linguistic behaviour patterns in the performance of polite speech acts such as requests, offers, compliments, apologies, thanks, and responses to these. The GSP says simply: In order to be polite, a speaker communicates meanings which (a) place a high value on what relates to the other person (typically the addressee), (MAJOR CONSTRAINT) and (b) place a low value on what relates to the speaker. (MINOR CONSTRAINT). It is clear from many observations that constraint (a) is more powerful than constraint (b). The following hypothesis will be put forward, and supported by very limited evidence: that the GSP provides a very general explanation for communicative politeness phenomena in Eastern languages such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean, as well as in Western languages such as English. This is not to deny the importance of quantitative and qualitative differences in the settings of social parameters and linguistic parameters of politeness in such languages. A framework such as the GSP provides the parameters of variation within which such differences can be studied. Hence this article argues in favour of the conclusion that, despite differences, there is no East-West divide in politeness. | Geoffrey Leech | 2005 | 外国语2005，28，6： | 65 |
| 2 | The role of frequency in ELT: New corpus evidence brings a re-appraisal显示文摘This paper reconsiders the value of frequency information in ELT, taking into account new evidence provided by corpora of native speakers’ English (e.g. the British National Corpus) and evidence available through new dictionaries and grammars making use of such corpus information. Some examples are given, showing how information about frequency in spoken and written English may cause reappraisal of assumptions common in pedagogical grammar. It is argued that frequency as a principle for the selection and prioritising of language content has been neglected, and the availability of corpus_derived frequency information means that this neglect can now be rectified. However, frequency must be considered alongside other factors that have a bearing on sequencing in ELT materials, such as dispersion, coverage, learnability and communicative need. Also, it is important to bear in mind that findings based on corpora of native_speaker English must be complemented by those based on corpora of learner English, and of the native language of the learners. | Geoffrey Leech | 2001 | 外语教学与研究2001，33，5： | 30 |
| 3 | Why frequency can no longer be ignored in ELT?显示文摘I begin this paper with a brief survey of how frequency — in particular, frequency of words — had a role in language learning in the days before electronic corpora existed. Then I consider how the 'corpus revolution' made frequency information available in a totally unprecedented way from the 1960s onward. Finally I discuss the usefulness of frequency to the language learner and teacher, and some new directions in applied linguistics favourable to frequency. | Geoffrey Leech | 2011 | 外语教学与研究2011，43，1： | 21 |
| 4 | 英语写作与语法知识显示文摘从语言角度讲,作文有四条标准:(1)流畅;(2)清晰;(3)简练;(4)有力。比起口头表达,书面写作更要求严格履行这些修辞原则,因为写作者有充分时间斟字酌句,却没有机会就读者不明之处随时作答。本文拟从这四条标准出发,阐明掌握语法知识能大大完善我们的书面表达能力这一道理。一流畅指文字通顺,读者能轻松自如地“顺流而下”取得对文字的理解,很少停顿或返读。把文字写流畅需要考虑三个要素: 1.句长文章之所以分割成句子,为的是让读者一点一点地理解。句子不应太长也不宜过短。一般地说,句子越长结构也势必越复杂,谈者因而必须集中更多的注意力和化费更多的对句子先述部分的记忆力。但是从另一方面讲,如果千篇一律地使用简单的短句,将会是枯燥无味,如同一张基色单调的照片,缺乏明暗反差。 | Geoffrey Leech 刘精忠 | 1993 | 外语教学理论与实践1993，，4： | 5 |
| 5 | Cryptosporidiosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus显示文摘 | Petersen C Gut J Leech JH | 1992 | Clin Infect Dis1992，15，6： | 1 |
| 6 | Leptin suppression of insulin secretion by the acivation of ATP-sensitive K^+ channels in pancreatic β-cells显示文摘 | Kieffer TJ Heller RS Leech CA | 1997 | Diabetes1997，46，： | 1 |
| 7 | Leptin suppression of insulin secretion by the activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels in pancreaticβ-cells 显示文摘 | Kieffer TJ Heller S Leech CA | 1997 | Diabetes1997，46，6： | 1 |
| 8 | Induction of apoptosis in lung-cancer cells following Bcl-XL anti-sense treatment显示文摘 | Leech SH Olie RA Gautschi O | 2000 | Int J Cancer2000，86，4： | 1 |
| 9 | Optical variable micro-mirror arrays fabricated by graytone lithography显示文摘 | Leech P W Lee R A | | 0，，02： | 1 |
| 10 | The effects of continuous positive airway pressure on myocardial energetics in patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea显示文摘 | Yoshinaga K Burwash IG Leech JA | | 0，，4： | 1 |
| 11 | Ownership Structure Control Type Classifications and the Performance of Large British Companies显示文摘 | Leech D Leahy J | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 12 | Heat-transfer augmentation in rod bundles near grid spacers显示文摘 | YAO S C HOCHREITER L E LEECH W J | 1982 | Heat Transfer1982，104，： | 1 |
| 13 | A typology of mixed methods research designs 显示文摘 | Leech N L Onwuegbuzie A J | 2007 | Quality Quantity= International Journal of Methodology2007，4，： | 1 |
| 14 | Insulinotropic hormone glucagon like peptide 1 differentiation of human pancreatic islet derived progenitor cells into insulin producing cells显示文摘 | Abraham EJ Leech CA Lin JC | 2002 | Endocrinology2002，143，8： | 1 |
| 15 | Grammars of spoken English: New implications of corpus-orien- ted research显示文摘 | Leech G | 2000 | Language Learning2000，50，3： | 1 |
| 16 | Leptin suppression of insulin secretion and gene expression in human pacreatic islets: implication for the development of adipogenic diabetes mellitus 显示文摘 | Seufert J Kieffer T Leech CA | 1999 | J Clin Endocrinol Metab1999，84，： | 1 |
| 17 | The potential use of DRIS in fertilizing hybrid poplar显示文摘 | Kim Y T Leech R H | 1986 | Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal1986，17，： | 1 |
| 18 | Induction of enhanced immunity to inteti- nal nematodes using IL-9-producting dendritic cells 显示文摘 | Leech MD Grencis RK | 2006 | J hnmu- nol2006，176，4： | 1 |
| 19 | A novel method to determine tearprism height显示文摘 | Jones L Leech R Rahman S | 2002 | Optom Vis Sci2002，79，25： | 1 |
| 20 | Optical variable watermark (OVW) microstrucrures for transparent substrates显示文摘 | Lee R A Leech P W | | 0，，10： | 1 |
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