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| 1 | Risk of transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae and related “superbugs” during gastrointestinal endoscopy显示文摘To evaluate the risk of transmission of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae(CRE) and their related superbugs during gastrointestinal(GI) endoscopy. Reports of outbreaks linked to GI endoscopes contami-nated with different types of infectious agents, includ-ing CRE and their related superbugs, were reviewed. Published during the past 30 years, both prior to and since CRE's emergence, these reports were obtained by searching the peer-reviewed medical literature(via the United States National Library of Medicine's 'MEDLINE' database); the Food and Drug Administration's Manu-facturer and User Facility Device Experience database, or 'MAUDE'; and the Internet(via Google's search engine). This review focused on an outbreak of CRE in 2013 following the GI endoscopic procedure known as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, or ERCP, performed at 'Hospital X' located in the sub-urbs of Chicago(IL; United States). Part of the largest outbreak of CRE in United States history, the infection and colonization of 10 and 28 of this hospital's patients, respectively, received considerable media attention and was also investigated by the Centers for Disease Con-trol and Prevention(CDC), which published a report about this outbreak in Morbidity and Mortality WeeklyReport(MMWR), in 2014. This report, along with the results of an independent inspection of Hospital X's in-fection control practices following this CRE outbreak, were also reviewed. While this article focuses primar-ily on the prevention of transmissions of CRE and their related superbugs in the GI endoscopic setting, some of its discussion and recommendations may also apply to other healthcare settings, to other types of flexible endoscopes, and to other types of transmissible infec-tious agents. This review found that GI endoscopy is an important risk factor for the transmission of CRE and their related superbugs, having been recently as-sociated with patient morbidity and mortality following ERCP. The CDC reported in MMWR that the type of GI endoscope, known as an ERCP endoscope, that Hospi-tal X used to perform ERCP in 2013 on the 38 patients who became infected or colonized with CRE might be particularly challenging to clean and disinfect, because of the complexity of its physical design. If performed in strict accordance with the endoscope manufacturer's labeling, supplemented as needed with professional organizations' published guidelines, however, current practices for reprocessing GI endoscopes, which include high-level disinfection, are reportedly adequate for the prevention of transmission of CRE and their related superbugs. Several recommendations are provided to prevent CRE transmissions in the healthcare setting. CRE transmissions are not limited to contaminated GI endoscopes and also have been linked to other reusable flexible endoscopic instrumentation, including broncho-scopes and cystoscopes. In conclusion, contaminated GI endoscopes, particularly those used during ERCP, have been causally linked to outbreaks of CRE and their related superbugs, with associated patient morbidity and mortality. Thorough reprocessing of these complex reusable instruments is necessary to prevent disease transmission and ensure patient safety during GI endos-copy. Enhanced training and monitoring of reprocessing staffers to verify the proper cleaning and brushing of GI endoscopes, especially the area around, behind andnear the forceps elevator located at the distal end othe ERCP endoscope, are recommended. If the ERCPendoscope features a narrow and exposed channel thathouses a wire connecting the GI endoscope's controhead to this forceps elevator, then this channel's com-plete reprocessing, including its flushing with a deter-gent using a procedure validated for effectiveness, is also emphasized. | Lawrence F Muscarella | 2014 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2014，6，10： | 26 |
| 2 | Current issues in endoscope reprocessing and infection control during gastrointestinal endoscopy显示文摘这篇文章的目的是在胃肠的内视镜检查法,在内诊镜 reprocessing 重要的因素和感染控制期间关于感染的传播考察证据,集中于的区域在这域里改进依从,和最近的开发和进展。 | Douglas B Nelson Lawrence F Muscarella | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，25： | 19 |
| 3 | Juvenile hominoid cranium from the terminal Miocene of Yunnan,China显示文摘Fossil apes are known from several late Miocene localities in Yunnan Province,southwestern China,principally from Shihuiba(Lufeng)and the Yuanmou Basin,and represent three species of Lufengpithecus.They mostly comprise large samples of isolated teeth,but there are also several partial or complete adult crania from Shihuiba and a single juvenile cranium from Yuanmou.Here we describe a new,relatively complete and largely undistorted juvenile cranium from the terminal Miocene locality of Shuitangba,also in Yunnan.It is only the second ape juvenile cranium recovered from the Miocene of Eurasia and it is provisionally assigned to the species present at Shihuiba,Lufengpithecus lufengensis.Lufengpithecus has most often been linked to the extant orangutan,Pongo pygmaeus,but recent studies of the crania from Shihuiba and Yuanmou have demonstrated that this is unlikely.The new cranium reinforces the view that Lufengpithecus represents a distinct,late surviving lineage of large apes in the late Miocene of East Asia that does not appear to be closely affiliated with any extant ape lineage.It substantially increases knowledge of cranial morphology in Lufengpithecus and demonstrates that species of this genus represent a morphologically diverse radiation of apes,which is consistent with the dynamic tectonic and biotic milieu of southwestern China in the late Miocene. | JI XuePing JABLONSKI Nina G SU Denise F DENG ChengLong FLYNN Lawrence J YOU YouShan KELLEY Jay | 2013 | Chinese Science Bulletin2013，58，31： | 8 |
| 4 | Medical errors, infection-control breaches and the use of adulterated and misbranded medical devices显示文摘Several well-publicized cases of improper cleaning,disinfection or sterilization of contaminated reusable medical equipment that posed an increased risk of patientto-patient disease transmission were reported within the past few years,resulting in the notification of approximately 20 000 patients.These medical errors,the specific infection-control standards they breached,and assessments of the risk of infection associated with each are discussed.Other topics discussed include the Food and Drug Administration’s(FDA)regulation of medical devices and infection-control products;the use of adulterated,misbranded,and investigational devices;consent decrees and associated Certificates of Medical Necessity;and informed patient consent.Focus is placed on liquid chemical sterilization,its history,and the FDA’s recent censure and discontinuation of a medical device labeled with this claim,namely,the STERIS System 1 processor.Recommendations are provided for healthcare facilities,regulatory agencies,manufacturers of reusable medical devices,and professional healthcare organizations and administrations to improve public health and prevent healthcareassociated infections. | Lawrence F Muscarella | 2012 | World Journal of Clinical Infectious Diseases2012，2，2： | 3 |
| 5 | Pedicle Morphology In Thoracic Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: Is Pedicle Fixation an Anatomically Viable Technique?显示文摘 | Michael F O’Brien Lawrence G Lenke Steven Mardjetko Thomas G Lowe Yinong Kong Kevin Eck David Smith | 2000 | Spine2000，，18： | 2 |
| 6 | Pentoxifylline treatment and penile calcifications in men Nith Peyronie's disease显示文摘 | James F Smith Alan W Shindel Yun-Ching Huang Raul I Clavijo Lawrence Flechner Benjamin N Breyer Michael L Eisenberg Tom F Lue | 2011 | Asian Journal of Andrology2011，13，2： | 2 |
| 7 | Concepts of blood transfusion in adults显示文摘 | Lawrence T Goodnough Jerrold H Levy Michael F Murphy | 2013 | The Lancet2013，，9880： | 2 |
| 8 | Repeat sequence proteins as matrices for nanocomposites显示文摘 | Lawrence F D Hilmar K David M P | 2009 | Mater Sci Eng2009，29，： | 1 |
| 9 | Aluminm alloy 2519 in military vehicles显示文摘 | James J F Lawrence S K Joseph R P | 2002 | Advanced Materials and Processes2002，160，9： | 1 |
| 10 | Aluminum alloy 2519 in military vehicles显示文摘 | James J F Lawrence S K Joseph R P | 2002 | Advanced Materials and Processes2002，160，9： | 1 |
| 11 | The effects of ω3 fatty acids and coenzyme Q10 on blood pressure and heart rate in chronic kidney disease: a randomized controlled trial显示文摘 | Trevor A Mori Valerie Burke Ian B Puddey Ashley B Irish Christine A Cowpland Lawrence J Beilin Gursharan K Dogra Gerald F Watts | 2009 | Journal of Hypertension2009，，9： | 1 |
| 12 | Improved endpoint detector for isolated word recognition显示文摘 | Lori F Lamel Lawrence R Rabiner Aaron E Rosenberg | | 0，，04： | 1 |
| 13 | Dough and baking qual-ity of wheat lines deficient in glutenin subunits controlled by the Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci 显示文摘 | Lawrence G J Madritehie F Wrigley C W | 1988 | J Cereal Sci1988，7，： | 1 |
| 14 | Dough and baking quality of wheat of wheat lines deficient in glutein subunits, controlled by the Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-DI显示文摘 | LAWRENCE G J MACRITCHIE F | 1985 | J Cereal Sci1985，7，2： | 1 |
| 15 | TRAF2 sets a threshold for extrinsic apoptosis by tagging caspase-8 with a u- biquitin shutoff timer显示文摘 | ONZALVEZ F LAWRENCE D YANG B | 2012 | Mol Cell2012，48，6： | 1 |
| 16 | Geochemical transformations during artificial groundwater re- charge:Soil-water interactions of inorganic constitu- ents显示文摘 | Juliet S J Lawrence A B Peter F | 1999 | Water Resource1999，33，： | 1 |
| 17 | Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers显示文摘 | Lawrence C B Snape A C Baudoin F M H | 2002 | Endocrinology2002，143，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Astrocytic response to injury显示文摘 | Lawrence F Eng Albert Yu CH | 1992 | Prog Brain Res1992，94，： | 1 |
| 19 | Ultrastructural localization of sulfated and unsulfated keratan sulfate in normal and macular cornealdystrophy type Ⅰ 显示文摘 | Lewis D Davies Y Nieduszynski IA Fullwood NJ Lawrence F Ronshek R | 2000 | Glycobiology2000，10，3： | 1 |
| 20 | The effect of salinity on the osmotic,sodium and chloride concentrations in the hemolymph of euryhaline shrimp of the genus Penaeus显示文摘 | CASTILLE F L LAWRENCE A L | 1981 | Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A1981，68，1： | 1 |
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