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| 1 | Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission显示文摘Dear Editor,The occurrence of concentrated pneumonia cases in Wuhan city,Hubei province of China was first reported on December 30,2019 by the Wuhan Municipal Health Commission(WHO,2020).The pneumonia cases were found to be linked to a large seafood and animal market in Wuhan,and measures for sanitation and disinfection were taken swiftly by the local government agency.The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)and Chinese health authorities later determined and announced that a novel coronavirus(CoV),denoted as 2019-nCoV,had caused the pneumonia outbreak in Wuhan city(CDC,2020).Scientists from multiple groups had obtained the virus samples from hospitalized patients(Normile,2020).The isolated viruses were morphologically identical when observed under electron microscopy. | Xintian Xu Ping Chen Jingfang Wang Jiannan Feng Hui Zhou Xuan Li Wu Zhong Pei Hao | 2020 | Science China(Life Sciences)2020，63，3： | 737 |
| 2 | Synthesis of core-shell acrylic-polyurethane hybrid latex as binder of aqueous pigment inks for digital inkjet printing | Jingfang Zhang a,Xuefeng Li a,Xinhao Shi a,Mei Hua a,Xingping Zhou b,Xiaqin Wang a,a State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials,Donghua University,Shanghai 201620,China b College of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology,Donghua University,Shanghai 201620,China | 2012 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2012，22，1： | 31 |
| 3 | A general methodology for mobility analysis of mechanisms based on constraint screw theory显示文摘It is well known that the traditional Grübler-Kutzbach formula fails to calculate the mobility of some classical mechanisms or many modern parallel robots,and this situation seriously hampers mechani-cal innovation.To seek an efficient and universal method for mobility calculation has been a heated topic in the sphere of mechanism.The modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion proposed by us achieved success in calculating the mobility of a lot of highly complicated mechanisms,especially the mobility of all recent parallel mechanisms listed by Gogu,and the Bennett mechanism known for its particular difficulty.With wide applications of the criterion,a systematic methodology has recently formed.This paper systematically presents the methodology based on the screw theory for the first time and ana-lyzes six representative puzzling mechanisms.In addition,the methodology is convenient for judgment of the instantaneous or full-cycle mobility,and has become an effective and general method of great scientific value and practical significance.In the first half,this paper introduces the basic screw theory,then it presents the effective methodology formed within this decade.The second half of this paper presents how to apply the methodology by analyzing the mobility of several puzzling mechanisms.Finally,this paper contrasts and analyzes some different methods and interprets the essential reason for validity of our methodology. | Zhen Huang JingFang Liu DaXing Zeng | 2009 | Science China(Technological Sciences)2009，52，5： | 30 |
| 4 | Spatial and temporal variations of forest LAI in China during 2000-2010显示文摘Forests are crucial terrestrial ecosystems.Their leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter determining the exchange of matter and energy between the atmosphere and the ground surface.In this study,MOD 09A1 and MCD 43A1 data were input into an inversion model based on the 4-scale geometric optical model to retrieve 8-d 500 m LAI products in China during the period 2000 to 2010.The resulting LAI product was validated using LAI measured in 6 typical areas.The spatial and temporal variations of forest LAI and its relationships with temperature and precipitation were analyzed.The results show that the accuracy of the 500 m LAI product was above 70% in the 6 typical areas,indicating the reliability of this product.From 2000 to 2010,forest LAI in northeast,north,and south central China showed increasing trends.However,forest LAI in southeast and parts of southwest China showed downward trends,mainly because of the significant decrease observed during the period 2008 to 2010.Annual mean forest LAI positively correlated with annual mean temperature (AMT) in northeastern China and negatively correlated with AMT in southwest China.It had positive correlations with annual total precipitation in central south and north China.The abnormal climate conditions in 2001 and 2009 caused forest LAI to be obviously lower than normal in regions south of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River.Annual mean LAI decreased by more than 1.0 in some areas. | LIU YiBo JU WeiMin CHEN JingMing ZHU GaoLong XING BaiLing ZHU JingFang HE MingZhu | 2012 | Chinese Science Bulletin2012，57，22： | 22 |
| 5 | Fuzzy adaptive robust control for space robot considering the effect of the gravity显示文摘Space robot is assembled and tested in gravity environment, and completes on-orbit service(OOS) in microgravity environment. The kinematic and dynamic characteristic of the robot will change with the variations of gravity in different working condition. Fully considering the change of kinematic and dynamic models caused by the change of gravity environment, a fuzzy adaptive robust control(FARC) strategy which is adaptive to these model variations is put forward for trajectory tracking control of space robot. A fuzzy algorithm is employed to approximate the nonlinear uncertainties in the model, adaptive laws of the parameters are constructed, and the approximation error is compensated by using a robust control algorithm. The stability of the control system is guaranteed based on the Lyapunov theory and the trajectory tracking control simulation is performed. The simulation results are compared with the proportional plus derivative(PD) controller, and the effectiveness to achieve better trajectory tracking performance under different gravity environment without changing the control parameters and the advantage of the proposed controller are verified. | Qin Li Liu Fucai Liang Lihuan Gao Jingfang | 2014 | Chinese Journal of Aeronautics2014，27，6： | 14 |
| 6 | Effect of soothing-liver and nourishing-heart acupuncture on early selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor treatment onset for depressive disorder and related indicators of neuroimmunology:a randomized controlled clinical trial显示文摘OBJECTIVE:To observe the effect of soothing-liver and nourishing-heart acupuncture on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor(SSRIs) treatment effect onset in patients with depressive disorder and related indicators of neuroimmunology.METHODS:Overall,126 patients with depressive disorder were randomly divided into a medicine and acupuncture-medicine group using a random number table.Patients were treated for 6 consecutive weeks.The two groups were evaluated by the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale(MADRS) and Side Effects Rating Scale(SERS) to assess the effect of the soothing-liver and nourishing-heart acupuncture method on early onset of SSRI treatment effect.Changes in serum 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) and inflammatory cytokines before and after treatment were recorded and compared between the medicine group and the acupuncture-medicine group.RESULTS:The acupuncture-medicine group had significantly lower MADRS scores at weeks 1,2,4,and 6 after treatment compared with the medicine group(P < 0.01).The acupuncture group had significantly lower SERS scores at weeks 1,2,4,and 6 after treatment compared with the medicine group(P < 0.01).At 6 weeks after treatment,serum 5-HT in the acupuncture-medicine group was significantly higher compared with the medicine group(P <0.01).lnterleukin-6(IL-6) in the acupuncture-medicine group was significantly lower than that in the medicine group(P < 0.01),whereas there was no significant difference in IL-1(3 between the groups(P > 0.05).Anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were significantly higher in the acupuncture-medicine group compared with the medicine group(P < 0.01,P < 0.05,respectively).CONCLUSION:The soothing-liver and nourishing-heart acupuncture method can effectively accelerate the onset of SSRI effects when treating depressive disorder and can significantly reduce the adverse reactions of SSRIs.Moreover,acupuncture can enhance serum 5-HT and regulate the balance of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory cytokines. | Liu Yi Feng Hui Mo Yali Gao Jingfang Mao Hongjing Song Mingfen Wang Shengdong Yin Yan Liu Wenjuan | 2015 | Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine2015，35，5： | 13 |
| 7 | Allowance and allocation of industrial volatile organic compounds emission in China for year 2020 and 2030显示文摘As an effective pollution control method, emission allowance and allocation just implemented in volatile organic compounds(VOCs) control strategy of China in 2016. This article presents a possible way to set the emission allowance targets and establishes an allowance allocation model for the object year, 2020 and 2030, using 2010 as the reference year. On the basis of regression and scenario analysis method, the emission allowance targets were designed,which were 17.902 Tg and 18.224 Tg for 2020 and 2030, with an increasing rate of 28.75% and31.06% compared to 2010. From the perspective of industries, processes using VOCscontaining products, like machinery and equipment manufacturing, would continue to be the most significant industrial VOCs emission sources in the future of China. Four allocation indicators were selected, which are per capita GDP of each province, per capita industrial VOCs emission of each province, the economic contribution of industrial sector to regional economy of each province, and the emission intensity per land area of each province, respectively.Based on information entropy, the weights of the indicators were calculated and an emission allocation model was established, and the results showed that provinces like Shandong,Jiangsu, Guangdong, Zhejiang and Fujian were calculated to obtain more emission allowance while burden more reduction responsibility. Meanwhile, provinces like Guizhou, Ningxia,Hainan, Qinghai and Xizang were on the contrary. This paper suggests governments to enhance or ease to industrial VOCs reduction burden of each province in order to stimulate its economy or change its way of economy development. | Jiani Zhang Jingfang Xiao Xiaofang Chen Xiaoming Liang Liya Fan Daiqi Ye | 2018 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2018，30，7： | 13 |
| 8 | SARS-Coronavirus-2 Nsp13 Possesses NTPase and RNA Helicase Activities That Can Be Inhibited by Bismuth Salts显示文摘The ongoing outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)has become a global public health emergency.SARScoronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2),the causative pathogen of COVID-19,is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the family Coronaviridae.For RNA viruses,virus-encoded RNA helicases have long been recognized to play pivotal roles during viral life cycles by facilitating the correct folding and replication of viral RNAs.Here,our studies show that SARS-CoV-2-encoded nonstructural protein 13(nsp13)possesses the nucleoside triphosphate hydrolase(NTPase)and RNA helicase activities that can hydrolyze all types of NTPs and unwind RNA helices dependently of the presence of NTP,and further characterize the biochemical characteristics of these two enzymatic activities associated with SARS-CoV-2 nsp13.Moreover,we found that some bismuth salts could effectively inhibit both the NTPase and RNA helicase activities of SARS-CoV-2 nsp13 in a dose-dependent manner.Thus,our findings demonstrate the NTPase and helicase activities of SARS-CoV-2 nsp13,which may play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 replication and serve as a target for antivirals. | Ting Shu Muhan Huang Di Wu Yujie Ren Xueyi Zhang Yang Han Jingfang Mu Ruibing Wang Yang Qiu Ding-Yu Zhang Xi Zhou | 2020 | Virologica Sinica2020，35，3： | 11 |
| 9 | The ORF3a protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces apoptosis in cells显示文摘Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2(SARS-CoV-2)has caused the ongoing pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019.SARS-CoV-2 belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus of the Coronaviridae family,which includes SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus.1,2 Coronavirus-encoded accessory proteins play critical roles in virus–host interactions and the modulation of host immune responses,thereby contributing to coronaviral pathogenicity via different strategies.3 However,the functions of SARS-CoV-2-encoded accessory proteins are not well understood.Apoptosis is a predominant type of programmed cell death,and has been recognized as an important host antiviral defense mechanism that controls viral infection and regulates the inflammatory response.4,5 Previous studies have reported that the SARS-CoV-encoded accessory protein ORF3a can induce apoptosis in cells,6,7 leading to the question of whether SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a also has pro-apoptotic activity.Here,we investigated the potential apoptosis-inducing activity of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a in different cell lines and compared the pro-apoptotic activities of SARS-CoV-2 ORF3a with those of SARS-CoV ORF3a using the same system. | Yujie Ren Ting Shu Di Wu Jingfang Mu Chong Wang Muhan Huang Yang Han Xue-Yi Zhang Wei Zhou Yang Qiu Xi Zhou | 2020 | Cellular & Molecular Immunology2020，17，8： | 11 |
| 10 | Plasma metabolomic and lipidomic alterations associated with COVID-19显示文摘The pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)has become a global public health crisis.The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild to severe,but the physiological changes associated with COVID-19 are barely understood.In this study,we performed targeted metabolomic and lipidomic analyses of plasma from a cohort of patients with COVID-19 who had experienced different symptoms.We found that metabolite and lipid alterations exhibit apparent correlation with the course of disease in these patients,indicating that the development of COVID-19 affected their whole-body metabolism.In particular,malic acid of the TCA cycle and carbamoyl phosphate of the urea cycle result in altered energy metabolism and hepatic dysfunction,respectively.It should be noted that carbamoyl phosphate is profoundly down-regulated in patients who died compared with patients with mild symptoms.And,more importantly,guanosine monophosphate(GMP),which is mediated not only by GMP synthase but also by CD39 and CD73,is significantly changed between healthy subjects and patients with COVID-19,as well as between the mild and fatal cases.In addition,dyslipidemia was observed in patients with COVID-19.Overall,the disturbed metabolic patterns have been found to align with the progress and severity of COVID-19.This work provides valuable knowledge about plasma biomarkers associated with COVID-19 and potential therapeutic targets,as well as an important resource for further studies of the pathogenesis of COVID-19. | Di Wu Ting Shu Xiaobo Yang Jian-Xin Song Mingliang Zhang Chengye Yao Wen Liu Muhan Huang Yuan Yu Qingyu Yang Tingju Zhu Jiqian Xu Jingfang Mu Yaxin Wang Hong Wang Tang Tang Yujie Ren Yongran Wu Shu-Hai Lin Yang Qiu Ding-Yu Zhang You Shang Xi Zhou | 2020 | National Science Review2020，7，7： | 9 |
| 11 | Mobility Analysis of Altmann Overconstrained Linkages by Modified Grübler-Kutzbach Criterion显示文摘Developing a general mobility method/formula is a hot topic lasting for more than 150 years in kinematics. It is necessary to apply any mobility method to puzzling overconstrained mechanisms for verification of its generality. Altmann linkages are such recognized puzzling mechanisms that their mobility analysis is of important significance. A necessary condition for judging a general mobility method is that the method can be fit for Altmann linkages. Firstly, this study classes Altmann linkages into 17 types in terms of the numbers and types of kinematic pairs, and then Altmann overconstrained linkages are further classified into 4 types. Secondly, the mobility of Altmann overconstrained linkages is systematically analyzed by the Modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion based on screw theory, where passive freedoms are defined as limb passive freedoms and mechanism passive freedoms. In addition, the full-cycle mobility is judged, which overcomes the shortcoming of instantaneous property of screw theory. It is shown that Modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion not only obtains the correct numerical mobility, but also gives the mobility character by resolving reciprocal screws for the constraint system. This study lays the foundation of verification for the generality of Modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion. Besides, Altmann overconstrained linkages almost comprise all kinds of modern parallel mechanisms and some classical mechanisms, which provides an important reference for mechanism mobility calculation. | LIU Jingfang LI Yanwen HUANG Zhen | 2011 | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering2011，24，4： | 7 |
| 12 | Applicability and Generality of the Modified Grübler-Kutzbach Criterion显示文摘A generally applicable criterion for all mechanism mobility has been an active domain in mechanism theory lasting more than 150 years. It is stated that the Modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion for mobility has been successfully used to solve the mobility of many more kinds of mechanisms, but never before has anyone proven the applicability and generality of the Modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion in theory. In order to fill the gap, the applicability and generality of the Modified Grübler-Kutzbach Criterion of mechanism mobility is systematically demonstrated. Firstly, the mobility research background and the Modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion are introduced. Secondly, some new definitions, such as half local freedom, non-common constraint space of a mechanism and common motion space of a mechanism, etc, are given to demonstrate the correctness and broad applicability of the Modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion. Thirdly, the general applicability of the Modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion is demonstrated based on screw theory. The mobilities of the classical DELASSUS mechanisms and a modern planar parallel mechanism, are determined through the Modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion, which are as examples to show the practical application of the Modified Grübler-Kutzbach criterion. | LI Yanwen WANG Lumin LIU Jingfang HUANG Zhen | 2013 | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering2013，26，2： | 6 |
| 13 | SARS-CoV-2-encoded nucleocapsid protein acts as a viral suppressor of RNA interference in cells显示文摘Dear Editor,Coronaviruses (Co Vs) are large enveloped non-segmented positive-strand RNA viruses that broadly distribute among humans and other animal species, including bats, mice and birds. SARS-Co V-2 infections can cause diseases, named the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The symptoms of COVID-19 range from mild symptoms to severe respiratory syndromes, including pneumonia, and even death(Chen et al., 2020b;Jiang and Shi, 2020;Xia et al., 2020). | Jingfang Mu Jiuyue Xu Leike Zhang Ting Shu Di Wu Muhan Huang Yujie Ren Xufang Li Qing Geng Yi Xu Yang Qiu Xi Zhou | 2020 | Science China(Life Sciences)2020，63，9： | 5 |
| 14 | Cenozoic Evolution of Sediments and Climate Change and Response to Tectonic Uplift of the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau显示文摘Through a comprehensive study of magnetostratigraphy and sedimentology of several basins in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we reveal that the study area mainly experienced six tectonic uplift stages at approximately 52 Ma, 34–30 Ma, 24–20 Ma, 16–12 Ma, 8–6 Ma, and 3.6–2.6 Ma. Comprehensive analyses of pollen assemblages from the Qaidam, Linxia, Xining, and West Jiuquan Basins show that the northeastern Tibetan Plateau has undergone six major changes in vegetation types and climate: 50–40 Ma for the warm-humid forest vegetation, 40–23 Ma for the warm-arid and temperate-arid forest steppe vegetation, 23–18.6 Ma for the warm-humid and temperatehumid forest vegetation, 18.6–8.5 Ma for the warm-humid and cool-humid forest steppe vegetation, 8.6–5 Ma for the temperate sub-humid savanna steppe vegetation, and 5–1.8 Ma for the cold-arid steppe vegetation. Comprehensive comparisons of tectonic uplift events inferred from sedimentary records, climatic changes inferred from pollen, and global climate changes show that in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau the climate in the Paleogene at low altitude was mainly controlled by the global climate change, while that in the Neogene interval with high altitude landscapes of mountains and basins is more controlled by altitude and morphology. | LIANG Xia JI Junliang LU Jingfang KE Xue AI Keke XU Yadong SONG Bowen | 2014 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2014，88，3： | 5 |
| 15 | General Order Principle for Multi-Bennett Linkages显示文摘Order analysis for multi-Bennett linkages is a difficult topic in kinematics. Traditional methods fail to obtain the order of multi-Bennett linkages due to considering the special geometric distributions among joint axes. An order principle for multi-Bennett linkages is presented. For a summated multi-Bennett linkage, three procedures are included in the order principle. Firstly, a homogeneous screw equation is obtained by taking linear superposition operations and then the maximum order is determined according to linear dependency of all screws. Secondly, two theorems are employed to determine the maximum order, where the first is used to judge the linear independency of four-system screws and the second is fit for identifying the linear independency of five-system screws. Lastly, all possible cases in the order range are considered until the valid order is screened out. For a syncopated multi-Bennett linkage, an equivalent summated model is built and then the order analysis is the same as that of summated linkages. In order to verify the effectiveness of the presented order principle, the orders of summated 5R and 6R linkages as well as a syncopated 6R linkage are analyzed. The computed orders of the former two summated linkages are both 4 and the computed order of the last syncopated 6R linkage is 5. The results coincide with the prototype data. The advantage of the proposed principle is that it can get the correct order of a multi-Bennett linkage without solving the geometric conditions of joint axes and has wide application in variety of multi-Bennett linkages. | LIU Jingfang YU Yueqing HUANG Zhen HUANG Xiao'ou | 2013 | Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering2013，26，2： | 5 |
| 16 | Volume growth for gradient shrinking solitons of Ricci-harmonic flow显示文摘In this paper,we derive an estimate on the potential functions of complete noncompact gradient shrinking solitons of Ricci-harmonic flow,and show that complete noncompact gradient shrinking Ricci-harmonic solitons have Euclidean volume growth at most. | YANG Fei SHEN JingFang | 2012 | Science China Mathematics2012，55，6： | 5 |
| 17 | Influence of CeO2 loading on structure and catalytic activity for NH3-SCR over TiO2-supported CeO2显示文摘A series of supported CeO2/TiO2 catalysts were prepared to explore the influence of CeO2 loading on these catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO3 by NH3(NH3-SCR).The catalysts were investigated in detail by means of XRD,Raman,H2-TPR,NH3-TPD,XPS,in situ DRIFTS,and NH3-SCR reaction.The activity of the catalyst is closely related to the content of CeO2.When the loading of CeO2 is near the dispersion capacity(1.16 mmol Ce4+/100 m^2 TiO2),the catalytic activity is better.This may be because that the dispersed CeO2 is the active species and the catalyst has appropriate redox property,along with the larger amounts of surface Ce content and surface adsorbed oxygen species.Finally,a possible reaction mechanism via the Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)mechanism is tentatively proposed to further understand the NH3-SCR reaction. | Hongliang Zhang Long Ding Hongming Long Jiaxin Li Wei Tan Jiawei Ji Jingfang Sun Changjin Tang Lin Dong | 2020 | Journal of Rare Earths2020，38，8： | 5 |
| 18 | Eigen microstates and their evolutions in complex systems显示文摘Emergence refers to the existence or formation of collective behaviors in complex systems.Here,we develop a theoretical framework based on the eigen microstate theory to analyze the emerging phenomena and dynamic evolution of complex system.In this framework,the statistical ensemble composed of M microstates of a complex system with N agents is defined by the normalized N×M matrix A,whose columns represent microstates and order of row is consist with the time.The ensemble matrix A can be decomposed as■,where r=min(N,M),eigenvalueσIbehaves as the probability amplitude of the eigen microstate U_I so that■and U_I evolves following V_I.In a disorder complex system,there is no dominant eigenvalue and eigen microstate.When a probability amplitudeσIbecomes finite in the thermodynamic limit,there is a condensation of the eigen microstate UIin analogy to the Bose–Einstein condensation of Bose gases.This indicates the emergence of U_I and a phase transition in complex system.Our framework has been applied successfully to equilibrium threedimensional Ising model,climate system and stock markets.We anticipate that our eigen microstate method can be used to study non-equilibrium complex systems with unknown orderparameters,such as phase transitions of collective motion and tipping points in climate systems and ecosystems. | Yu Sun Gaoke Hu Yongwen Zhang Bo Lu Zhenghui Lu Jingfang Fan Xiaoteng Li Qimin Deng Xiaosong Chen | 2021 | Communications in Theoretical Physics2021，73，6： | 5 |
| 19 | Phototransformation of nitrobenzene in the Songhua River:Kinetics and photoproduct analysis显示文摘Nitrobenzene (NB) pollution of the Songhua River caused by an explosion at a petrochemical plant in Jilin City,Jilin Province, China,attracted public concern over the fate of NB in the river.As one of the efforts to predict the fate of residual NB in the river,the kinetics and mechanism of phototransformation of NB in natural water from four sections of the Songhua River were investigated.It was found that photodegradation of NB in water proceeded via pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics under simulated ... | WANG, Aimin HU, Chun QU, Jiuhui YANG, Min LIU, Huijuan RU, Jia QI, Rong SUN, Jingfang | 2008 | Journal of Environmental Sciences2008，20，7： | 4 |
| 20 | Mesoscale fracture behavior of Longmaxi outcrop shale with different bedding angles:Experimental and numerical investigations显示文摘The mechanical properties and fracturing mechanism of shale containing beddings are critically important in shale gas exploitation and wellbore stability.To investigate the effects of shale bedding on crack behavior and fracturing mechanism,scanning electron microscope(SEM)with a loading system was employed to carry out three-point bending tests on Longmaxi outcrop shale.The crack initiation and propagation of Longmaxi shale were observed and recorded by taking photos during loading.The cracking paths were extracted to calculate the crack length through a MATLAB program.The peak load,fracture toughness and fracture energy all increase with the bedding angle from 0°to 90°.The crack length and energy were also found to increase with the bedding angle in the range of 0°-600 and then drop slightly.The fracturing mechanism of shale includes the main crack affected by the bedding angle and disturbed by randomly distributed particles.The main cracking path was accompanied by several microcrack branches which could form an interconnected crack system.When the main crack encounters larger sedimentary particles,it will deflect around the particles and then restore to the initial direction.A numerical technique using extended finite element method(XFEM)coupled with anisotropic cohesive damage criteria was developed,which is able to capture the dependence of crack propagations on bedding angle and sedimentary particles.This study sheds light on understanding and predicting mesoscale fracture behavior of shale with different bedding angles. | Jianping Zuo Jingfang Lu Rojin Ghandriz Jintao Wang Yanhong Li Xiaoyan Zhang Jun Li Hongtao Li | 2020 | Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering2020，12，2： | 4 |
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