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| 1 | Risk for emerging bipolar disorder, variants, and symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, now grown up显示文摘AIM: To determine the prevalence of bipolar disorder(BD) and sub-threshold symptoms in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) through 14 years' follow-up, when participants were between 21-24 years old.METHODS: First, we examined rates of BD type Ⅰ?and Ⅱ diagnoses in youth participating in the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD(MTA). We used the diagnostic interview schedule for children(DISC), administered to both parents(DISC-P) and youth(DISCY). We compared the MTA study subjects with ADHD(n = 579) to a local normative comparison group(LNCG, n = 289) at 4 different assessment points: 6, 8, 12, and 14 years of follow-ups. To evaluate the bipolar variants, we compared total symptom counts(TSC) of DSM manic and hypomanic symptoms that were generated by DISC in ADHD and LNCG subjects. Then we sub-divided the TSC into pathognomonic manic(PM) and non-specific manic(NSM) symptoms. We compared the PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG at each assessment point and over time. We also evaluated the irritability as category A2 manic symptom in both groups and over time. Finally, we studied the irritability symptom in correlation with PM and NSM in ADHD and LNCG subjects.RESULTS: DISC-generated BD diagnosis did not differ significantly in rates between ADHD(1.89%) and LNCG 1.38%). Interestingly, no participant met BD diagnosis more than once in the 4 assessment points in 14 years. However, on the symptom level, ADHD subjects reported significantly higher mean TSC scores: ADHD 3.0; LNCG 1.7; P < 0.001. ADHD status was associated with higher mean NSM: ADHD 2.0 vs LNCG 1.1; P < 0.0001. Also, ADHD subjects had higher PM symptoms than LNCG, with PM means over all time points of 1.3 ADHD; 0.9 LNCG; P = 0.0001. Examining both NSM and PM, ADHD status associated with greater NSM than PM. However, Over 14 years, the NSM symptoms declined and changed to PM over time(df 3, 2523; F = 20.1; P < 0.0001). Finally, Irritability(BD DSM criterion-A2) rates were significantly higher in ADHD than LNCG(χ2 = 122.2, P < 0.0001), but irritability was associated more strongly with NSM than PM(df 3, 2538; F = 43.2; P < 0.0001).CONCLUSION: Individuals with ADHD do not appear to be at significantly greater risk for developing BD, but do show higher rates of BD symptoms, especially NSM. The greater linkage of irritability to NSM than to PM suggests caution when making BD diagnoses based on irritability alone as one of 2(A-level) symptoms for BD diagnosis, particularly in view of its frequent presentation with other psychopathologies. | Ahmed Z Elmaadawi Peter S Jensen L Eugene Arnold Brooke SG Molina Lily Hechtman Howard B Abikoff Stephen P Hinshaw Jeffrey H Newcorn Laurence Lee Greenhill James M Swanson Cathryn A Galanter | 2015 | World Journal of Psychiatry2015，5，4： | 3 |
| 2 | Riveted Semi-Rigid Beam-to-Column Building Connections显示文摘 | Johnston B G | 1982 | Journal of Constructional Steel Research1982，5，3： | 1 |
| 3 | Neutrophil and Nonneutrophil-Mediated Injury in Intestinal Ischemia-Reperfusion显示文摘 | Ruth Simpson Rafael Alon Lester Kobzik C. Robert Valeri David Shepro Herbert B. Hechtman | 1993 | Annals of Surgery1993，，4： | 1 |
| 4 | In vivo tracking of platelets:circulating degranulated platelets rapidly lose surface P-selectin but continue to circulate and function显示文摘 | BARNARD MR HECHTMAN HB | 1996 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1996，93，11： | 1 |
| 5 | In vivo tracking of platelets: circulating degranulated pXatelets rapidly lose surface P-selectin but continue to circulate and function 显示文摘 | Michelson AD Barnard MR Hechtman HB | 1996 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1996，93，11： | 1 |
| 6 | Social functioning in chil- dren with ADHD treated with long-term methylpheni- date and multimodal psychosocail treatment显示文摘 | Abikoff H Hechtman L Klein RG | 2004 | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry2004，43，6： | 1 |
| 7 | Iliotibial band friction syndrome:MRimaging findings显示文摘 | Murphy BJ Hechtman KS Uribe JW | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 8 | Intravascular IL-8 inhabitor of polymorphonuclear leukocyte accumulation at sites of acute inflammation显示文摘 | 4,Hechtman D H Cybulsky M I Fuchs H J | 1991 | J Immunol1991，147，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Design and rationale of con- trolled study of long-term methylphenidate and muhimodal psychosocial treatment in children with ADHD显示文摘 | Klein RG Abikoff H Hechtman L | 2004 | J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry2004，43，6： | 1 |
| 10 | Predictors of long-term outcome in children with at- tention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder 显示文摘 | Hechtman L | 1999 | Pediatr Clin North Am1999，46，5： | 1 |
| 11 | Transient analysis of nonuniform,high-pass transmission lines显示文摘 | Hsue C W Hechtman C D | | 0，，08： | 1 |
| 12 | Families of children with attention deftcit hyperactivity disorder: a rcview显示文摘 | Hechtman L | 1996 | Can J Psychiatry1996，41，6： | 1 |
| 13 | Positive Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology : A Transdiagnostic Cultural Neuroscience Approach 显示文摘 | Hechtman LA Raila H Chiao JY | 2013 | J Exp Psychopathol2013，4，5： | 1 |
| 14 | Variable onset of metachromatic leukodystrophy in a Vietamese family显示文摘 | Arbour LT Silver K Hechtman P | 2000 | Pediatr Neurol2000，23，： | 1 |
| 15 | Neuroimaging in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: beyond the frontostriatal circuitry 显示文摘 | Cherkasova MV Hechtman L | 2009 | Can J Psychiatry2009，54，10： | 1 |
| 16 | Cystic hematoma formation following use of a biodegradable arrow for meniscal repair 显示文摘 | Hechtman KS Uribe JW | 1999 | Arthroscopy1999，15，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Mini-deltoid splitting rotator cuff repair:Do results deteriorate with time显示文摘 | Posada A Uribe JW Hechtman KS | 2000 | Arthroscopy2000，16，： | 1 |
| 18 | The marital and family func?tioning of adults with ADHO and their spouses显示文摘 | Eakin L Minde K Hechtman L | 2004 | J Atten Disord2004，8，1： | 1 |
| 19 | Arthroscopic Treatment of Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Knee显示文摘 | John E. Zvijac Alex C. Lau Keith S. Hechtman John W. Uribe Evert W. Tjin-A-Tsoi | 1999 | Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery1999，，6： | 1 |
| 20 | Families of chileren with attention deficit hyper2 activity disorder:A review显示文摘 | Hechtman L | 1996 | Can J Psychiatry1996，41，6： | 1 |
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