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| 1 | 钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白-2抑制剂或胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂治疗成人2型糖尿病:临床实践指南显示文摘临床问题对于存在不同心血管风险及肾脏结局的2型糖尿病患者,在原有生活方式干预和/或其他降糖药物的基础上加用钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂的获益及风险是什么?现行做法几十年来,2型糖尿病的治疗决策都以控制血糖为主导。SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂在传统观念中常被用于二甲双胍治疗后血糖仍控制不佳的患者。目前这一现状已经发生了改变,这得益于多项临床研究结果。研究显示SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂拥有独立于药物降糖作用之外的对于动脉粥样硬化性心血管病(CVD)和慢性肾脏病(CKD)的获益。建议本指南阐述了针对不同风险分层的成人2型糖尿病患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂的建议。•伴有3种或更少的心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:不建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•伴有3种以上心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,不建议启动GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD和CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗(推荐等级:强)和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•对于那些想要进一步降低CVD和CKD结局风险的患者:推荐优先启用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗而非GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)这项指南是如何制订的一个由患者、临床医生和方法学家共同组成的国际小组提出了这些推荐意见。这些推荐意见基于可信度较高的指南的标准,并使用GRADE分级方法进行评估。该小组采用了息者个体化的观点。证据一项关于获益与风险的系统综述和网络meta分析(764项随机对照研究,包括421346例参与者)发现SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂可以降低总体死亡率、心肌梗死发生率、终末期肾病或肾衰竭的发生率(中等至高等质量的证据)。在不同的亚组中这些药物对卒中、因心力衰竭所致住院和其他主要不良事件有不同的影响。药物绝对获益的程度因患者个体风险的不同有很大的差异。(例如,对于接受了超过5年药物治疗的1000例患者,在最低风险人群中死亡人数减少了5人,在最高风险人群中死亡人数减少了48人)。一项关于预后的综述确认了14种风险预测模型,其中一种(RECODe)在证据总结中报告了大部分基线风险评估数据,小组利用该模型以支持风险分层的建议。考虑到患者的价值观及个体差异,指南推荐的支撑证据包括一项对已发表论文的系统综述、一项患者焦点小组研究、一项临床问题总结,以及一项指南调查。指南解读我们依据不同的CVD和CKD风险水平,综合考虑获益、风险和其他因素的平衡,以及每一个风险组别的实际问题,来对推荐意见进行分层。本指南强烈建议CVD和CKD患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,这说明专家组认为其具有显著的获益。而对于其他成人2型糖尿病患者,推荐等级较弱,这说明专家组想要在获益、风险及治疗花费上取得一个更好的平衡。临床医生通过该指南可以使用可靠的风险计算模型,如RECODe,来明确其患者的个体心血管和肾脏疾病风险。医患交互式总结临床证据和制订决策有助于患者知晓治疗选择,包括进行共同决策。2型糖尿病人群(全球患病率不断增长1-2)正面临着不断增加的心血管疾病、肾脏病和其他并发症的风险3。数十年来,2型糖尿病的管理始终以控制血糖及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)为治疗目标4-5,但是,最近的高质量随机对照研究已经对这种以血糖为中心的治疗模式发起了挑战。研究结果显示,强化血糖控制未必会降低大血管不良事件,它还可能带来不利影响监管机构现在要求新型糖尿病药物必须证明其具有心血管和肾脏获益才能获得批准。对两类新药--钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂(见框图1)的临床试验结果显示,在现有治疗方案(常规治疗)之上加用这些药物,对死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、心力衰竭和肾脏的结局(如进展为终末期肾病)都有获益8-12。 | Sheyu Li Per Olav Vandvik Lyubov Lytvyn Gordon H Guyatt Suetonia C Palmer Rene Rodriguez-Gutierrez Farid Foroutan Thomas Agoritsas Reed A C Siemieniuk Michael Walsh Lawrie Frere David J Tunnicliffe Evi V Nagler Veena Manja Bjφrn Olav Asvold Vivekanand Jha Mieke Vermandere Karim Gariani Qian Zhao Yan Ren Emma Jane Cartwright Patrick Gee Alan Wickes Linda Fems Robin Wright Ling Li Qiukui Hao Reem A Mustafa 无 郭鹤鸣(译) | 2021 | 英国医学杂志中文版2021，24，9： | 7 |
| 2 | Rapid prototyping: Lessons learned 显示文摘 | Gordon V S Bieman J M | 1995 | IEEE Software1995，12，1： | 3 |
| 3 | Epistaxis in end stage liver disease masquerading as severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage显示文摘AIM:To describe the prevalence,diagnosis,treatment,and outcomes of end stage liver disease(ESLD) patients with severe epistaxis thought to be severe upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage(UGIH).METHODS:This observational single center study included all consecutive patients with ESLD and epistaxis identified from consecutive subjects hospitalized with suspected UGIH and prospectively enrolled in our databases of severe UGIH between 1998 and 2011.RESULTS:A total of 1249 patients were registered for severe UGIH in the data basis,461(36.9%) were cirrhotics. Epistaxis rather than UGIH was the bleeding source in 20 patients. All patients had severe coagulopathy. Epistaxis was initially controlled in all cases. Fifteen(75%) subjects required posterior nasal packing and 2(10%) embolization in addition to correction of coagulopathy. Five(25%) patients died in the hospital,12(60%) received orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT),and 3(15%) were discharged without OLT. The mortality rate was 63% in patients without OLT.CONCLUSION:Severe epistaxis in patients with ESLD is(1) a diagnosis of exclusion that requires upper endoscopy to exclude severe UGIH;and(2) associated with a high mortality rate in patients not receiving OLT. | Marine Camus Dennis M Jensen Jason D Matthews Gordon V Ohning Thomas O Kovacs Rome Jutabha Kevin A Ghassemi Gustavo A Machicado Gareth S Dulai | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，38： | 3 |
| 4 | Rhubarb extract partially improves mucosal integrity in chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis显示文摘AIM To investigate the effects of orally gavaged aqueous rhubarb extract(RE) on 5-fluorouracil(5-FU)-induced intestinal mucositis in rats. METHODS Female Dark Agouti rats(n = 8/group) were gavaged daily(1 mL) with water, high-dose RE(HDR; 200 mg/kg) or low-dose RE(LDR; 20mg/kg) for eight days. Intestinal mucositis was induced(day 5) with 5-FU(150 mg/kg) via intraperitoneal injection. Intestinal tissue samples were collected for myeloperoxidase(MPO) activity and histological examination. Xenopus oocytes expressing aquaporin 4 water channels were prepared to examine the effect of aqueous RE on cell volume, indicating a potential mechanism responsible for modulating net fluid absorption and secretion in the gastrointestinal tract. Statistical significance was assumed at P < 0.05 by one-way ANOVA. RESULTS B o d y w e i g h t w a s s i g n i f i c a n t l y r e d u c e d i n r a t s administered 5-FU compared to healthy controls(P < 0.01). Rats administered 5-FU significantly increased intestinal MPO levels(≥ 307%; P < 0.001), compared to healthy controls. However, LDR attenuated this effect in 5-FU treated rats, significantly decreasing ileal MPO activity(by 45%; P < 0.05), as compared to 5-FU controls. 5-FU significantly reduced intestinal mucosal thickness(by ≥ 29% P < 0.001) as compared to healthy controls. LDR significantly increased ileal mucosal thickness in 5-FU treated rats(19%; P < 0.05) relative to 5-FU controls. In xenopus oocytes expressing AQP4 water channels, RE selectively blocked water influx into the cell, induced by a decrease in external osmotic pressure. As water efflux was unaltered by the presence of extracellular RE, the directional flow of water across the epithelial barrier, in the presence of extracellular RE, indicated that RE may alleviate water loss across the epithelial barrier and promote intestinal health in chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis.CONCLUSION In summary, low dose RE improves selected parameters of mucosal integrity and reduces ileal inflammation, manifesting from 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis. | Juliana E Bajic Georgina L Eden Lorrinne S Lampton Ker Y Cheah Kerry A Lymn Jinxin V Pei Andrea J Yool Gordon S Howarth | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，37： | 3 |
| 5 | Sofosbuvir with pegylated interferon alfa-2a and ribavirin for treatment-naive patients with hepatitis C genotype-1 infection (ATOMIC): an open-label, randomised, multicentre phase 2 trial显示文摘 | Kris V Kowdley Eric Lawitz Israel Crespo Tarek Hassanein Mitchell N Davis Michael DeMicco David E Bernstein Nezam Afdhal John M Vierling Stuart C Gordon Jane K Anderson Robert H Hyland Hadas Dvory-Sobol Di An Robert G Hindes Efsevia Albanis William T Symo | 2013 | The Lancet2013，，9883： | 3 |
| 6 | Bacteriostatic activity of fluoro-analogues of 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-4-methyl-thiazole,a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of thiamine显示文摘 | Gordon L Barry V L | 1980 | J Chem Soc Ⅰ1980，10，3： | 2 |
| 7 | Caloric restriction attenuates Aβ-deposition in Alzheimer transgenic models显示文摘 | PATEL N V GORDON M N CONNOR K E | 2005 | Neurobiol Aging2005，26，： | 1 |
| 8 | Deciphering the biology of My cobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence 显示文摘 | Cole S T Brosch R Parkhill J Gamier T Churcher C Harris D Gordon S V Eiglmeier K Gas S Barry C E Tekaia F Badcock K Basham D Brown D Chillingworth T Cormor R Davies R Devlin K FeltweU T Gentles S Hamlin N Holroyd S Hornsby T Jagels K Kroghs A McLean J Moule S Murphy L Oliver K Osborne J Quail M A Rafandream M A Rogers J Rutter S Seeger K Skelton J Squaraes R Squares S Sulston J E Taylo K Whitehead S Barrell B G | 1998 | Nature1998，393，： | 1 |
| 9 | Influence of personality traits on satisfaction, perception of relational benefits, and loyalty in a personal service context显示文摘 | Rosario Vázquez-Carrasco Gordon R. Foxall | 2005 | Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services2005，，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Developmental regulation of intestinal angiogenesis by indigenous microbes via Paneth cells 显示文摘 | STAPPENBECK T S HOOPER L V GORDON J I | 2002 | PNAS2002，99，15： | 1 |
| 11 | Gene expression analysis of troglitazone reveals its impact on multiple pathways in cell culture:a case for in vitro platforms combined with gene expression analysis for early (idiosyncratic) toxicity screening显示文摘 | Gordon V Patrick P Robert S | 2006 | Inter J Toxicology2006，25，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Seasonal patterns of soil respiration and CO2 evolution following harvesting in the white spruce forests of interior Alaska显示文摘 | Gordon A M Schlentner R E Cleve K V | 1987 | Canadian Journal of Forest Research1987，17，4： | 1 |
| 13 | False alarm control using Doppler显示文摘 | Trunk G V Gordon G B Cantrell H | 1990 | IEEE Trans on AES1990，26，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Relevance ranking for one to three term queries显示文摘 | Charles L A Clarke Gordon V Cormack Elizabeth A Tudhope | 2000 | Information Processing and Management2000，，36： | 1 |
| 15 | Particle filters for state estimation of jump Markov linear systems显示文摘 | DOUCET A GORDON N J KRISHNAMURTHY V | 2001 | IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing2001，49，3： | 1 |
| 16 | Particle filters for state estimation of jump Markov linear systems 显示文摘 | Doucet A Gordon N J Krishnamurthy V | 2001 | IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing2001，49，： | 1 |
| 17 | Carbon sequestration potentials in temperate tree - based intercropping systems, southern Ontario, Canada 显示文摘 | Peichl M ThevathasanN V Gordon A M | 2006 | Agroforest Systems2006，66，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Seasonal patterns of soil respiration and CO2 evolution following harvesting in the white spruce forests of interior Alaska显示文摘 | Gordon A M Schlentner R E Cleve K V | 1987 | Canadian Jour- nal of Forest Research1987，17，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Complications of Neuroform stent in endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms 显示文摘 | Yahia AM Gordon V Whapham J | 2008 | Neurocrit Care2008，8，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Molecular pathways: PI3K pathway targets in triple-negative breast cancers 显示文摘 | Gordon V Banerji S | 2013 | Clin Cancer Res2013，19，： | 1 |
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