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| 1 | Sporadic versus hereditary gastrinomas of the duodenum and pancreas: Distinct clinico-pathological and epidemiological features显示文摘Gastrinomas are defined as gastrin secreting tumors that are associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES). ZES is characterized by elevated fasting gastrin serum levels, positive secretin stimulation test and clinical symptoms such as recurrent peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal re?ux disease and occasional diarrhea. Genetically, nonhereditary (sporadic) gastrinomas are distinguished from hereditary gastrinomas, which are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome. In general, duodenal gastrinomas are small and solitary if they are sporadic and multiple as well as hereditary. The sporadic gastrinomas occur in the duodenum or in the pancreas while the hereditary gastrinomas almost all occur in the duodenum. Our series of 77 sporadic duodenal neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) includes 18 patients (23.4%) with gastrinomas and ZES. Of 535 sporadic NETs in the pancreas collected from the NET archives of the departments of pathology in Zürich, Switzerland, and Kiel, Germany, 24 patients (4.5%) suffered from sporadic pancreatic gastrinomas and ZES. These NETs have to be distinguished fromtumors with immunohistochemical positivity for gastrin but without evidence of ZES. An additional 19 patients suffered from MEN1 and ZES. These patients showed exclusively duodenal gastrinomas, but not pancreatic gastrinomas. The prognosis of sporadic and MEN1- associated duodenal gastrinomas is better than that of pancreatic gastrinomas, since they progress slowly to liver metastasis. In summary, sporadic and MEN1- associated gastrinomas in the duodenum and pancreas show different clinico-pathological and genetic features. The incidence of sporadic duodenal gastrin-producing tumors is increasing, possibly due to optimized diagnostic procedures. In contrast, pancreatic MEN1- associated gastrinomas seem to be extremely rare. A considerable subset of tumors with immunohistochemical expression of gastrin but without evidence of ZES should be designated as functionally inactive NETs expressing gastrin, but not as gastrinomas. | Martin Anlauf Nele Garbrecht Tobias Henopp Anja Schmitt Regina Schlenger Andreas Raffel Markus Krausch Oliver Gimm Claus F Eisenberger Wolfram T Knoefel Henning Dralle Paul Komminoth Philipp U Heitz Aurel Perren Günter Klppel | 2006 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2006，12，34： | 7 |
| 2 | Numerical Definition of Drainage Netword and Subcatchment Areas from Digital Models显示文摘 | Martz W Garbrecht J | 1992 | Computers&Geosciences1992，18，6： | 1 |
| 3 | HYDROLOGIC SIMULATION OF THE LITTLE WASHITA RIVER EXPERIMENTAL WATERSHED USING SWAT显示文摘 | Michael W. Liew Jurgen Garbrecht | 2003 | JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Ass2003，，2： | 1 |
| 4 | The assignment of drainage direction over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models 显示文摘 | Garbrecht J Martzl W | 1997 | Jour nal of Hydrology1997，193，： | 1 |
| 5 | The assignment of drainage direction over fiat surfaces in raster digital elevation models 显示文摘 | Garbrecht J MartzLW | 1997 | Journal of Hydrology1997，，193： | 1 |
| 6 | Hydrologic simulation of the Little Washita River Experimental Watershed using SWAT显示文摘 | van Liew M W Garbrecht J | 2003 | J Am Water Resour Associ2003，39，： | 1 |
| 7 | The Assignment of Drainage Direction Over Flast Surfaces in Raster Digital Elevation Models显示文摘 | Garbrecht J Lawrence W M | 1997 | Journal of Hydrology1997，，193： | 1 |
| 8 | The assignment of drainage direction over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models显示文摘 | Garbrecht J Martz L W | 1997 | Journal of Hydrology1997，，193： | 1 |
| 9 | Numerical Definition of Drainage Network and Subcatchment Areas from Digital Elevation Models显示文摘 | Martz L W J Garbrecht | 1992 | Computers and Geosciences1992，18，6： | 1 |
| 10 | Automated Channel Ordring and Node Indexing for Raster Channel Networks显示文摘 | Garbrecht J Lawrence W M | 1997 | Computers&Geosciences1997，23，9： | 1 |
| 11 | An outlet breaching algorithm for the treatment of closed depressions in a raster DEM 显示文摘 | LAWRENCE W M GARBRECHT J | 1999 | Computers & Geosciences1999，25，： | 1 |
| 12 | Numerical definition of drainage network and subcatchment areas from digital elevation models显示文摘 | MartzW Garbrecht J | 1992 | Computers & Geoscineces1992，18，6： | 1 |
| 13 | The assignment of drainage di-rection over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models 显示文摘 | Garbrecht J Martz L W | 1997 | Journal of Hydrology1997，193，： | 1 |
| 14 | CFD-simulation of a new receiver design for a molten salt solar power tower 显示文摘 | GARBRECHT O SIBAI A F KNEER R | 2013 | Solar Energy2013，90，1： | 1 |
| 15 | The treatment of flat areas and depressions in automated drainage analysis of raster digi- tal elevation models显示文摘 | Martz L W Garbrecht J | 1998 | Hydrologic Processes1998，12，： | 1 |
| 16 | Effects of watershed subdivision on simulation runoff and fine sediment yield显示文摘 | Bingner R L Garbrecht J Arnold J G | 1997 | Trans ASAE1997，40，5： | 1 |
| 17 | The assignment of drainage direction over flat surfaces in raster digital elevation models显示文摘 | Garbrecht J Martz L W | 1997 | Journal of Hydrology1997，193，14： | 1 |
| 18 | Reduction of glucocorticoid receptor ligand binding by the 11-beta hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 inhibitor, Thiram显示文摘 | Garbrecht MR Krozowski ZS Snyder JM | | 0，，10： | 1 |
| 19 | Automated Channel Ordering and Node Indexing for Raster Channel Networks显示文摘 | GARBRECHT J MARTZ L W | 1997 | Computers and Geosciences1997，23，9： | 1 |
| 20 | Grid size dependency of parameters from digital elevation models显示文摘 | GARBRECHT J MARTZ L W | 1994 | Computer and Geosciences1994，20，1： | 1 |
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