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| 1 | Using strategically applied grazing to manage invasive alien plants in novel grasslands显示文摘Introduction:Novel ecosystems that contain new combinations of invasive alien plants(IAPs)present a challenge for managers.Yet,control strategies that focus on the removal of the invasive species and/or restoring historical disturbance regimes often do not provide the best outcome for long-term control of IAPs and the promotion of more desirable plant species.Methods:This study seeks to identify the primary drivers of grassland invasion to then inform management practices toward the restoration of native ecosystems.By revisiting both published and unpublished data from experiments and case studies within mainly an Australian context for native grassland management,we show how alternative states models can help to design control strategies to manage undesirable IAPs by manipulating grazing pressure.Results:Ungulate grazing is generally considered antithetical to invasive species management because in many countries where livestock production is a relatively new disturbance to grasslands(such as in Australia and New Zealand as well as Canada and the USA),selective grazing pressure may have facilitated opportunities for IAPs to establish.We find that grazing stock can be used to manipulate species composition in favour of the desirable components in pastures,but whether grazing is rested or strategically applied depends on the management goal,sizes of populations of the IAP and more desirable species,and climatic and edaphic conditions.Conclusions:Based on our findings,we integrated these relationships to develop a testable framework for managing IAPs with strategic grazing that considers both the current state of the plant community and the desired future state—i.e.the application of the principles behind reclamation,rehabilitation,restoration or all three—over time. | Jennifer Firn Jodi N Price Ralph DB Whalley | 2013 | Ecological Processes2013，2，1： | 2 |
| 2 | Assessing end-use relevance of public sector research organisations显示文摘 | Catherine Lyall Ann Bruce John Firn Marion Firn Joyce Tait | 2003 | Research Policy2003，，1： | 1 |
| 3 | The Gravitropic Set -Point Angle (GSA) :The Identification of an Important Developmentally Controlled Variable Governing Plant Architecture 显示文摘 | DIGBY J FIRN R D | 1995 | Plant Cell and Environment1995，18，12： | 1 |
| 4 | Retinal Arterial and Venous Oxygen Saturation Is Altered in Diabetic Patients显示文摘 | Bahram Khoobehi Kim Firn Hilary Thompson | 2013 | Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci2013，54，： | 1 |
| 5 | Secondary metabolism and the risks of GMOs显示文摘 | Firn R D Jones C G | 1999 | Nature1999，4739，400： | 1 |
| 6 | A critical assessment of the Cholodny-Went theory of shoot geotropism显示文摘 | Digby J Firn R D | 1976 | Curr Adv Plant Sci1976，8，： | 1 |
| 7 | Phenolic biosynthesis leaf damage,and insect herbivory in birch ( Betula pendula) 显示文摘 | HARTLEY S E FIRN R D | 1989 | Journal of Chemistry and Ecology1989，15，： | 1 |
| 8 | Woody species diversity influences productivity and soil nutrient availability in tropical plantations显示文摘 | Firn J Erskine P D Lamb D | 2007 | Oecologia2007，154，： | 1 |
| 9 | Woody species diversity influ-ences productivity and soil nutrient availability in tropical planta-tions显示文摘 | FIRN J ERSKINE P D LAMB D | 2007 | Oecologia2007，154，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Phenolic biosynthesis, leaf damage, and insect herbivory in birch 显示文摘 | Hartley S E Firn R D | 1989 | Journal of Chemical Ecology1989，15，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Phenolic biosynthesis, leaf dam-age, and insect herbivory in birch (Betula pendula ) 显示文摘 | HARTLEY S E FIRN R D | 1989 | Jour-nal of Chemistry and Ecology?1989，15，1： | 1 |
| 12 | The gravitropic set point angle(GSA) :The identifica- tion of an important developmentally controlled variable governing plant ar- chitecture 显示文摘 | DIGTY J FIRN R D | 1995 | Plant Cell Environ1995，18，： | 1 |
| 13 | The ups and downs of gl-avitropism 显示文摘 | FIRN R D WAGSTAFF C DIGBY J | 1999 | Trends in Plant Science1999，4，7： | 1 |
| 14 | Assessing end-use relevance of public sector research organizations显示文摘 | Lyall C Bruce A Firn J Firn M tait J | 2004 | Research Policy2004，33，1： | 1 |
| 15 | The Value of Scotland's Ecosystem Services and Natural Capital 显示文摘 | Williams E Firn J R Kind V | 2003 | Euro Environ2003，13，： | 1 |
| 16 | Phenolic biosynthesis, leaf damage, and insect herbivory in birch (Betula pendula)显示文摘 | S. E. Hartley R. D. Firn | 1989 | Journal of Chemical Ecology1989，，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Managing beyond the in- vader: Manipulating disturbance of natives simplifies control efforts 显示文摘 | Firn J Rout T Possingham H | 2008 | Journal of Applied Ecology2008，45，4： | 1 |
| 18 | The use of mutants to probemodels of gravitropism 显示文摘 | Firn R D Wagstaff C Digby J | 2000 | Journal of Experimental Botany2000，51，349： | 1 |
| 19 | Secondary metabolism and the risks of GMOs显示文摘 | Firn R D Jones C G | 1999 | Nature1999，400，4739： | 1 |
| 20 | Plants may talk, but can they hear? 显示文摘 | Firn R D Jones C G | 1995 | Trends in Ecology & Evolution1995，10，9： | 1 |
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