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| 1 | C:N:P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation of the soil microbial biomass in a grazed grassland site under experimental P limitation or exces显示文摘Introduction:The availability of essential nutrients,such as nitrogen(N)and phosphorus(P),can feedback on soil carbon(C)and the soil microbial biomass.Natural cycles can be supplemented by agricultural fertiliser addition,and we determined whether the stoichiometry and nutrient limitation of the microbial biomass could be affected by an unbalanced nutrient supply.Methods:Samples were taken from a long-term trial(in effect since 1968)with annual applications of 0,15 and 30 kg P ha^(−1) with constant N and potassium.Soil and microbial biomass CNP contents were measured and nutrient limitation assessed by substrate-induced respiration.Linear regression and discriminant analyses were used to identify the variables explaining nutrient limitation.Results:Soil and biomass CNP increased with increasing P fertiliser,and there was a significant,positive,correlation between microbial biomass P and biomass C,apart from at the highest level of P fertilisation when the microbial biomass was over-saturated with P.The molar ratios of C:N:P in the microbial biomass remained constant(homeostatic)despite large changes in the soil nutrient ratios.Microbial growth was generally limited by C and N,except in soil with no added P when C and P were the main limiting nutrients.C,N and P,however,did not explain all the growth limitation on the soils with no added P.Conclusions:Increased soil C and N were probably due to increased net primary production.Our results confirm that C:N:P ratios within the microbial biomass were constrained(i.e.homeostatic)under near optimum soil conditions.Soils with no added P were characterised by strong microbial P limitation and soils under high P by over-saturation of microorganisms with P.Relative changes in biomass C:P can be indicative of nutrient limitation within a site. | Bryan S Griffiths Annette Spilles Michael Bonkowski | 2012 | Ecological Processes2012，1，1： | 23 |
| 2 | Estimating farmers’stated willingness to accept pay for ecosystem services:case of Lake Naivasha watershed Payment for Ecosystem Services scheme-Kenya显示文摘Introduction:Lake Naivasha watershed is recognized for its contribution to Kenya’s national gross domestic product from the export of horticultural products.Commercial horticultural investment downstream depends mainly on the Lake’s water.The fresh water lake lacks surface outflow,and its recharge depends on river Malewa flowing from upper catchment in Aberdare ranges.However,unsustainable land use practices in the upper catchment has led to increasing sediment loading and pollution in river Malewa which affects water quality in the Lake downstream.Payment for Environmental Services(PES)scheme has been initiated as an alternative incentive approach to motivate upstream smallholder farmers adopt sustainable land use practices for conservation of watershed services.This paper analyzes willingness to accept pay(WTA)as proxy economic measure of environmental service(ES)value and determines socio-economic factors influencing farmers WTA for watershed conservation.We analyzed the WTA and characterized WTA underlying socio-economic determinants in two PES intervention sites in Kenya.Methods:The objective of this study was to estimate WTA and determine socio-economic factors influencing WTA.Semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 200 PES farmers through face-to-face interview.We applied contingent valuation(CV)and logistic regression for data analyses to elicit farmer’s WTA estimates to implement PES farm practices and determine socio-economic factors influencing WTA,respectively.Results:Results revealed over 90% of respondents were farmers and 60% had primary level of education.Average household farm size was 2.305 acres and family size was six members on average.We recorded a monthly marginal household increase in gross income from Kshs.6891.969(US$68.92)before PES to Kshs.11,011.48(US$110.12)with PES interventions.The estimated annual lowest and highest WTA for PES farm practices were at Kshs.8835(US$88.35)for grass strip and Kshs.21,847.500(US$218.48)for fallowing.Household socio-economic characteristics had significant influence on WTA among farmers.Conclusions:The study revealed heterogeneity in WTA estimates among PES implementing farmers.The WTA reflects opportunity cost to farmers.We recommend PES mechanism as a policy tool to internalize negative watershed externalities to provide ecosystem services. | J.M.Nyongesa H.K.Bett J.K.Lagat O.I.Ayuya | 2016 | Ecological Processes2016，5，1： | 13 |
| 3 | Distribution of organic carbon fractions in soil aggregates in Chinese fir plantations with different stand ages显示文摘Background:Revealing the variations in soil aggregate-related organic carbon(OC)and labile organic carbon(LOC)fractions in a chronosequence of Chinese fir plantations plays an important role in better understanding the impact of soil carbon sink or source on the Chinese fir plantation ecosystem.In this study,soil samples in a depth of 0–20 cm were collected from Chinese fir plantations at different stand ages(0,9,17,and 26 years old)in Guangxi,China.With the optimal moisture sieving method adopted,the soil aggregates of 4 different sizes were obtained,including>2-mm,2–1-mm,1–0.25-mm,and<0.25-mm aggregates.Soil OC and LOC fractions were measured in the aggregates of different sizes.The LOC fractions included readily oxidizable carbon(ROC),particulate organic carbon(POC),microbial biomass carbon(MBC),water-soluble organic carbon(WOC),and mineralized organic carbon(MOC).Results:Soil aggregate stability,as indicated by the mean weight diameter(MWD),was the highest in the 17-yearold Chinese fir plantations and was significantly positively related(p<0.05)to the concentrations of OC and LOC fractions(except for the ROC and MOC),with the POC in particular.As for all stand ages of Chinese fir plantations,the concentrations of soil OC and LOC fractions were significantly increased as the aggregate size decreased.Consequently,there were more OC and LOC fractions distributed in the<0.25-mm aggregates.During the stand development,the concentrations of soil OC and LOC fractions first increased and then decreased,with the highest levels detected in the 17-year-old Chinese fir plantations,indicating that the 17-year-old Chinese fir plantations were conducive to the accumulation of soil OC and LOC fractions.Conclusion:After 17 years of planting,promoted soil carbon(especially for the POC)accumulation contributes significantly to enhancing soil aggregate stability for the Chinese fir plantations in Guangxi,China. | Xinxin He Yongzhen Huang Qianchun Zhang Shaoming Ye Shengqiang Wang | 2021 | Ecological Processes2021，10，1： | 11 |
| 4 | Spatial distribution and source identification of heavy metal pollution in roadside surface soil:a study of Dhaka Aricha highway,Bangladesh显示文摘Introduction:In this study,metal pollution and their sources in surface soils were evaluated by pollution indices and multivariate statistical techniques in association with a geographical information system(GIS).Methods:Surface soil samples were collected in dry season from different locations of Dhaka Aricha highway and analyzed by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence(EDXRF).Results:Thirteen different metals were found in the tested samples.Pollution indices are determined by enrichment factor in an order of Zr>Sn>P>Mn>Zn>Rb>Fe>Ba>Sr>Ti>K>Ca>Al.The resulting geoaccumulation index(Igeo)value shows the following order:Sn>Zr>P>Mn>Zn>Rb>Fe>Ba>Ti>Sr>K>Ca>Al.Contamination factors(CFs)of the metals range from 1.422 to 3.979(Fe);0.213 to 1.089(Al);0.489 to 3.484(Ca);1.496 to 2.372(K);1.287 to 3.870(Ti);2.200 to 14.588(Mn);5.938 to 56.750(Zr);0.980 to 3.500(Sr);2.321 to 4.857(Rb);2.737 to 6.526(Zn);16.667 to 27.333(Sn);3.157 to 16.286(P);and 0.741 to 3.328(Ba).Pollution load index calculated from the CFs indicates that soils are strongly contaminated by Zr and Sn.Principal component analysis(PCA)of parameters exhibits three major components.R-mode cluster analysis reveals three distinct groups in both site and metal basis clustering that shows a similar pattern with the PCA.Conclusions:These results might be helpful for future monitoring of further increase of heavy metal concentrations in surface soils along highways. | Fahad Ahmed A.N.M.Fakhruddin M.D.Toufick Imam Nasima Khan Tanzir Ahmed Khan Md.Mahfuzur Rahman Abu Tareq Mohammad Abdullah | 2016 | Ecological Processes2016，5，1： | 11 |
| 5 | Effect of Cynodon dactylon community on the conservation and reinforcement of riparian shallow soil in the Three Gorges Reservoir area显示文摘Introduction:Riparian vegetation plays a crucial role in soil conservation and riverbank reinforcement.The Three Gorges hydrologic project has significantly changed the pattern of water-level fluctuation and riparian environment,which significantly influenced plant community development and its effect on soil conservation and riverbank protection.Cynodon dactylon,a perennial grass with developed root system and creeping stems,has become a dominant riparian species in the Three Gorges area after the completion of the dam.We aimed to characterize how the soil-root system under the C.dactylon community responded to environmental changes and effects of the soil-root system on shallow soil conservation and riverbank reinforcement through field investigation and laboratory test.Methods:We conducted a field survey and experimental research.Quadrates of a natural C.dactylon community were set up on a riverbank along an altitude gradient.Plants were sampled randomly for the measurements of spatial structure and tensile strength of roots.Soil erosion resistance,soil scour resistance,and shear strength of sampled soil-root systems and control soil were tested in the laboratory.Results:Roots of the C.dactylon community significantly increased soil erosion resistance,soil scour resistance,and shear strength,enhancing the stability of shallow soil and riverbank.Due to water-level fluctuation,C.dactylon at lower altitudes was subjected to less time exposed to air.As a result,the soil-root systems at lower altitudes were characterized by reduced biomass with reduced capacity for soil reinforcement as measured through erosion resistance,soil scour resistance,and shear strength.The correlation analysis indicated that root biomass had a significant positive linear correlation with the enhancement of erosion resistance and scour resistance,and shear strength,respectively.Conclusions:Roots of the C.dactylon community effectively enhanced the stability of riparian shallow soil and riverbank.The fluctuation in water level caused the difference of root growth as the exposed time of plants decreases with the decrease of altitude.The difference of root structure resulted in the variation of the soil-root system in soil conservation and reinforcement. | Fangqing Chen Jinxia Zhang Miao Zhang Jianzhu Wang | 2015 | Ecological Processes2015，4，1： | 10 |
| 6 | Adopting novel ecosystems as suitable rehabilitation alternatives for former mine sites显示文摘The nature and extent of environmental disturbance associated with mining commonly entails completely new and challenging combinations of climate,lithology and landform.Consequently,the outcomes of ecological processes associated with the recovery or restoration of ecosystems cannot be predicted reliably from previously known associations between their physical and biological components.For radically disturbed sites,we propose that it is not practicable to aim for the restoration of historical ecosystems.However,hybrid(reversibly different)or novel(irreversibly different)ecosystems comprising new combinations of physical and biological components,including both native and non-native species,could provide levels of stability and functionality acceptable to all stakeholders and within feasible management regimes.We propose that limiting physical conditions of the landscape can be identified and managed,and that alternative species combinations for introduction to these new landscapes may be considered with cautious optimism. | David Doley Patrick Audet | 2013 | Ecological Processes2013，2，1： | 9 |
| 7 | Impact of land uses on water quality in Malaysia: a review显示文摘Land use changes in urbanization,industrialization,and agricultural processes will continue to have negative impacts on water quality at all scales.The impact of land use changes on water quality is generally studied by analyzing the relationships between land use and water quality indicators.Therefore,the purpose of this research was to review and analyze the main relationships between land use and water quality,as well as to visualize the major sources and processes of water quality pollution in Malaysia.To achieve our goal,we evaluated the significance of both land use and water quality attributes used in the past studies and correlated them to understand their relationship from another angle of view.The results revealed that 87%of the reviewed studies indicated urban land use as a major source of water pollution,while 82%indicated agricultural land use,77%indicated forest land use,and 44%indicated other land uses.However,the results of correlation analysis showed that agricultural and forest-related activities more affected water quality through their significant positive correlation with physical and chemical indicators of water quality,while urban development activities had a greater impact on water quality through altering hydrological processes such as runoff and erosion.These findings would provide decision-makers with useful information for managing water pollution processes rather than sources only. | Moriken Camara Nor Rohaizah Jamil Ahmad Fikri Bin Abdullah | 2019 | Ecological Processes2019，8，1： | 8 |
| 8 | Mechanisms on inhibition of photosynthesis in Kandelia obovata due to extreme cold events under climate change显示文摘Introduction:Mangroves that grow at the latitudinal extremes of their distribution are susceptible to extreme cold events.Successive enhancement of low temperature stress(seLTS)is a typical characteristic of extreme cold events.Low temperature stress can inhibit mangrove photosynthesis,which often inhibits the growth and development of mangroves.However,the possible reasons for impairment to photosynthesis of mangroves due to extreme cold events remain unclear.Methods:Kandelia obovata seedlings in a growth chamber were exposed to 5℃/−2℃(day/night)for 36 h(−2℃ for 16 h)with 12 h light per day at 600μmol m^(−2) s^(−1) photosynthetic photon flux density(PPFD)(a low temperature stress,aLTS),then the plants were transferred to the control condition(15℃/10℃(day/night)and allowed to recover for 5 days(R1).The other seedlings were subjected to low temperature treatment with a day/night temperature of 5℃/−1℃ in a growth chamber for 24 h.Then these plants were transferred to 5℃/−2℃(day/night)under the same light and climate conditions for 36 h(two low temperature stresses,tLTS).Following the successive enhancement of low temperature treatment,these plants were returned to 15℃/10℃(day/night)for another 5-day recovery period(R2).Results:Results showed that aLTS treatment significantly reduced leaf net photosynthetic rate(P_(n))and stomatal conductance(G_(s)),while increased intercellular CO_(2) concentration(C_(i)).Photosynthetic activity of leaves quickly recovered after the plants were returned to control temperature for 5 days(R1).However,decreases in leaf Pn were more obvious under tLTS treatment than those under aLTS treatment.This reduced Pn might be attributed to stomatal and non-stomatal limitations.Moreover,non-stomatal limitation played a major role in reducing Pn during tLTS treatment,as proven by reduced ribulose 1,5-biphosphate carboxylase(RuBPCase)activity.This limitation also enhanced lipid peroxidation in chloroplasts,decreased sucrosemetabolizing enzymes and ratios of both chlorophyll a/chlorophyll b(Chl a/b)and chlorophyll/carotenoids(Chl/Car),and increased protease senescence.Damages of tLTS treatment to photosynthesis were insufficiently alleviated even after the plants were returned to control temperature for 5 days(R2).Conclusions:Successive enhancement of low temperature depressed successful recovery of leaf photosynthesis of K.obovata seedlings mainly by impairing pigment synthesis,antioxidant metabolism,and sucrose translocation,as well as accelerating senescence of endopeptidase.Furthermore,our results suggest that decreases in sucrose content in leaves might also account for increases in reactive oxygen species(ROS)in chloroplasts. | Chunfang Zheng Jianwu Tang Jinong Chen Weicheng Liu Jianbiao Qiu Xin Peng Yong Ye | 2016 | Ecological Processes2016，5，1： | 6 |
| 9 | Incorporating novelty and novel ecosystems into restoration planning and practice in the 21st century显示文摘Novelty pervades the biosphere.In some cases,potentially irreversible abiotic and/or biotic changes have led to the crossing of thresholds and thus the formation of“novel ecosystems.”Their widespread emergence(particularly on land)and the presence of continued environmental change challenge a traditional restoration goal of restoring an historical ecosystem.Instead,we argue that restoration could broaden its frame of reference to consider how novel ecosystems might be used to maintain global biodiversity and provide ecosystem services and,in doing so,save potentially wasted efforts in attempting to fulfil traditional goals.Here we explore this contention in more depth by addressing:Are novel ecosystems innovative planning or lowering the bar?We show that novel ecosystems were not innovative planning in their original conception.On the contrary,they were recognized as ecosystems that were recalcitrant to traditional restoration approaches,coupled with an awareness that they had arisen inadvertently through deliberate human activity,either on-or off-site.Their recalcitrance to traditional restoration suggests that alternative goals may exist for these ecosystems using sometimes innovative intervention.This management may include biodiversity conservation or restoration for ecological function.We elucidate the latter aspect with reference to an experiment in the wheatbelt of Western Australia—The Ridgefield Multiple Ecosystem Services Experiment—the design of which has been informed by ecological theory and the acceptance of novelty as an ecosystem component.Although novel ecosystems do provide opportunities to broaden restoration planning and practice,and ultimately maintain and conserve global biodiversity in this era of environmental change,they necessarily“lower the bar”in restoration if the bar is considered to be the historical ecosystem.However,in these times of flux,such a bar is increasingly untenable.Instead,careful and appropriate interventions are required at local,regional,and global scales.These interventions need to take history into account,use ecological and evolutionary theory to inform their design,and be mindful of valid concerns such as hubris.Careful interventions thus provide an opportunity for broadening restoration’s framework to focus on maintaining global biodiversity and delivering ecosystem services as well as the traditional goals of restoring historical ecosystems. | Michael P Perring Rachel J Standish Richard J Hobbs | 2013 | Ecological Processes2013，2，1： | 6 |
| 10 | Impact of land use/land cover changes on ecosystem services in the Nenjiang River Basin, Northeast China显示文摘Introduction:The Nenjiang River Basin is an important foodstuff base and eco-environmental fragile area in Northeast China.With the rapid rise in human population,human-induced changes in land use/land cover form an important component of regional environment and ecosystem service change.At the local and regional level,the ecosystem service concept can act as a decision support tool for a stakeholder to reach sustainable land use management.However,the prevailing ecosystem service evaluation would produce a biggish warp when it is applied to concrete area.So,it is essential to evaluate ecosystem service change according to the local actuality.Method:According to 1:250,000 land use/land cover maps of China and the adjusted equivalent value per unit area of ecosystem services in the Nenjiang River Basin,we evaluated the ecosystem service change of the river basin from 1980 to 2005.Results:The forest and wetland,which are mainly located in the upstream mountainous area of the Nenjiang River Basin,were the two valuable land cover types,accounting for more than three quarters of the total ecosystem service value of the river basin.As for individual ecosystem service,besides the food production,all of the ecosystem service values declined from 1980 to 2005.The total decline of 2.43 billion USD was mainly due to the cultivation of grassland(14.34%of the area in 1980)and wetland(4.62%of the area in 1980)in the downstream plain.Conclusions:Due to the increase in population and the concomitant requirement of grain,the inconsistency between decision-making at the macro-level,and the objective of agricultural production at the micro-level,cultivated land was increased through zealous reclamation of grassland,marginal woodland,and even fallow land.Tremendous land use/land cover changes had caused great damages to the ecological environment such as land degradation and ecosystem service recession.So,the policies of the Grain for Green and Construction of Ecological Province projects should be well-implemented to optimize land use/land cover. | Zhiliang Wang Zongming Wang Bai Zhang Chunyan Lu Chunying Ren | 2015 | Ecological Processes2015，4，1： | 5 |
| 11 | Ecohydrological processes and ecosystem services in the Anthropocene: a review显示文摘The framework for ecosystem services has been increasingly used in integrated watershed ecosystem management practices that involve scientists,engineers,managers,and policy makers.The objective of this review is to explore the intimate connections between ecohydrological processes and water-related ecosystem services in human-dominated ecosystems in the Anthropocene.We synthesize current literature to illustrate the importance of understanding the ecohydrological processes for accurately quantifying ecosystem services under different environmental and socioeconomic settings and scales.Our synthesis focuses on managed ecosystems that are dominated by humans and explores how ecological processes affect the tradeoffs and synergies of multiple ecosystem services.We identify research gaps in studying ecological processes mainly including energy,carbon,water,and nutrient balances to better assess and quantify ecosystem services that are critical for sustaining natural resources for future generations.To better assess ecosystem services,future ecohydrological studies need to better account for the scaling effects of natural and anthropogenic stressors exerted on evapotranspiration and other water supply and demand processes.Future studies should focus on the bidirectional interactions between hydrological functions and services and human actions to solve real world problems such as water shortages,ecological degradation,and climate change adaptation. | Ge Sun Dennis Hallema Heidi Asbjornsen | 2017 | Ecological Processes2017，6，1： | 5 |
| 12 | A review on dump slope stabilization by revegetation with reference to indigenous plant显示文摘The waste,subgrade ROM and fine dumps of iron ore mines are characterized by high rock fragment contents,low moisture retention capacity,higher bulk density,low nutrients,lower pH and elevated metal concentrations.Use of suitable revegetation programme,that require the selection of right type of plants to be used vis-à-vis the site condition and characteristics,can enhance the long-term stability,both mechanical and ecological,of dumps(waste,subgrade ROM and fines)through providing vegetative cover to control soil erosion and gully formation,consolidation of dump top and side surfaces,binding the loose particles through intricate roof system,etc.This paper overviews the roles of revegetation programme that can be used where vegetation is considered to be the long-term answer to slope protection and erosion control.Various revegetation processes like Coir matting,lemon grass,vetiver grass and indigenous plant may find a wide range of usage in iron ore mines for dump stabilization.The Miyawaki method of plantation is more effective than the conventional method of plantation.This will lead to co-existence of plants,and as a matter of fact each plant draws from the other vital nutrients and they grow to become strong and healthy.The Miyawaki plantation technique aims at“survival of the fittest”,and the area which undergone such plantation has an ecology of their own.The indigenous plant has good binding capacity and helps to control soil erosion as well as improve the dump stability.These indigenous plant species include Shorea robusta(Sal),Dalbergia sisoo(Shisham),Karanj and Azadirachta(Neem).The growth of indigenous plants is dependent upon the soil quality as well as the organic matter of the dump material.The leaf debris plays an important role for improving the organic matter of the dump material to successfully implement the revegetation programme. | Vibhash Ranjan Phalguni Sen Dheeraj Kumar Arjun Sarsawat | 2015 | Ecological Processes2015，4，1： | 5 |
| 13 | Variable retention in Tasmania, Australia: trends over 16 years of monitoring and adaptive management显示文摘Background:Variable retention harvesting using aggregated retention(ARN)has been applied in some Tasmanian wet eucalypt forests for>15 years.Implementation of ARN in Tasmania differs from most other regions,as forest influence(or the proximity of harvested areas to long-term retention)is primarily used to distinguish ARN from clearfelling rather than retention level,and broadcast burning is used as a regeneration treatment,resulting in a preference for edge aggregates instead of isolated retained islands.Clear emphasis on site-level retention of biological legacies and forest influence to facilitate re-establishment of mature forest species ensures that ARN coupes achieve the ecological objectives associated with retention forestry.Results:Spatial and survey data collected from operational ARN coupes illustrates the development of this silvicultural practice over time and allows comparisons with conventional clearfelling.Over 90%of ARN coupes have met the forest influence target of>50%.The number of ARN coupes harvested per year has varied,but mean retention levels(29%)and the mean area harvested per coupe(24 ha)have remained the same.Forest influence in ARN coupes has decreased over time,as have perimeter-to-area ratios,largely due to a decrease in the number of island aggregates.Although these measures of complexity have decreased,ARN coupes still have much greater forest influence,retention,and perimeter-to-area ratios when compared to conventional clearfell,burn and sow(CBS)coupes.The observed decrease in boundary complexity should facilitate regeneration burning in ARN coupes,although no increase in the proportion of burnt seedbed was observed.The proportion of burnt seedbed is strongly correlated with eucalypt seedling stocking and density in ARN coupes,and these attributes were all significantly lower in recent ARN coupes compared to clearfells.These differences appear to be due to achieving better burns in recent CBS coupes,rather than poorer ones in ARN coupes.Conclusions:Although the area that can feasibly be harvested by ARN is limited by the requirement for regeneration burning,ARN provides clear biodiversity benefits and satisfactory silvicultural outcomes and is now firmly embedded as a viable alternative to clearfelling in Tasmanian wet eucalypt forests. | Robyn E.Scott Mark G.Neyland Susan C.Baker | 2019 | Ecological Processes2019，8，1： | 5 |
| 14 | Non-timber forest products and their contribution to households income around Falgore Game Reserve in Kano, Nigeria显示文摘Introduction:In the recent decades,there has been growing interest in the contribution of non-timber forest products(NTFPs)to livelihoods,development,and poverty alleviation among the rural populace.This has been prompted by the fact that communities living adjacent to forest reserves rely to a great extent on the NTFPs for their livelihoods,and therefore any effort to conserve such resources should as a prerequisite understand how the host communities interact with them.Methods:Multistage sampling technique was used for the study.A representative sample of 400 households was used to explore the utilization of NTFPs and their contribution to households’income in communities proximate to Falgore Game Reserve(FGR)in Kano State,Nigeria.Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were used to analyze and summarize the data collected.Results:The findings reveal that communities proximate to FGR mostly rely on the reserve for firewood,medicinal herbs,fodder,and fruit nuts for household use and sales.Income from NTFPs accounts for 20–60%of the total income of most(68%)of the sampled households.The utilization of NTFPs was significantly influenced by age,sex,household size,main occupation,distance to forest and market.Conclusions:The findings suggest that NTFPs play an important role in supporting livelihoods,and therefore provide an important safety net for households throughout the year particularly during periods of hardship occasioned by drought.It is suggested that stakeholders should prioritize technical and financial support programs on agricultural value addition and handcrafts that would promote off-farm income generating activities,in addition,provision of alternative domestic cooking energy such as biogas in communities proximate to FGR in order to reduce pressure relating to fuelwood gathering from the forest,this will help to improve forest resources quality. | Muhammad Sabiu Suleiman Vivian Oliver Wasonga Judith Syombua Mbau Aminu Suleiman Yazan Ahmed Elhadi | 2017 | Ecological Processes2017，6，1： | 5 |
| 15 | Assessment of nomadic rice-duck complex ecosystem on energy and economy显示文摘Introduction:Modern intensive rice production has brought a large amount of environmental pollution and do not guarantee the safety of rice quality.Thus,to improve the farmer's rice production model to reduce agro-chemicals is of great importance to decrease pollution and to guarantee the security of food quality.Here,our experiments illustrated that nomadic rice-duck complex ecosystem(RD)could reduce energy input and increase both energy output and the values of the product safety index based on energy(PSI).Results:According to the results of our experiments,RD and rice monoculture production system(RM)were-0.6 and-0.78,respectively,which indicated that the safety potential of products in RD was higher than that of RM.Protein yield based on RD was significantly higher than that of RM.The output/input,gross income,and net income of RD were 15.26%,39.51%,and 44.80%,respectively,higher than that of RM;the data suggest that the economic benefits of RD were greater than that of RM.Conclusions:Consequently,as an intermediate-type technology,RD could become a feasible alternative that could reduce agro-chemical application rate without decreasing rice yield and increasing labor intensity.Furthermore,as an inheritance and development of the Chinese farming culture,RD is a classic Chinese farming technology withstanding more than 700 years of tests. | Huabin Zheng Huang Huang Diqin Li Xumeng Li Zhiqiang Fu Can Chen | 2014 | Ecological Processes2014，3，1： | 5 |
| 16 | Novel ecosystems created by coal mines in central Queensland’s Bowen Basin显示文摘Introduction:Open-cut coal mining began in central Queensland’s Bowen Basin approximately 50 years ago.Over this period of time,mine rehabilitators have used a variety of tree,shrub,and groundcover species to create‘novel ecosystems’to stabilise soils and provide vegetative cover for pre-supposed final end-land uses.We examine post-mining rehabilitation from multiple soil and vegetation monitoring activities in the Bowen Basin to assess the similarity of landforms,plant composition,and trends in plant diversity compared to unmined reference communities.Methods:Rehabilitated spoil dumps and reference sites were assessed using soil and vegetation data contained in compliance monitoring reports from Goonyella Riverside,Moura,Oaky Creek,Rolleston,and Blackwater mines.Slopes,soil chemistry,and plant species mixes of rehabilitation aged from 2 to 22 years were compared to selected reference communities.Results:Mines in this region have generally proposed one of two post-rehabilitation end-land uses:either pasture for cattle grazing or reconstructed native communities which potentially provide native fauna habitat.Landform data from a selection of these mine sites suggest that when their rehabilitation was compared to nearby reference sites median slope values were between 2.5 and 7 times steeper and soil pH,electrical conductivity,and phosphorus levels were significantly higher.The steeply sloped landforms,poor soil characteristics,depauperate native species pool,and uniform presence of exotic pasture grasses in the rehabilitation indicate that most of these newly created ecosystems should not be used for cattle grazing and also have few natural values.Conclusions:Legislative and community expectations have changed progressively over time and,although much of the rehabilitation is currently dominated by an assemblage of exotic buffel grass(Cenchrus ciliaris)and Acacia spp.,recent environmental authorities suggest these‘novel ecosystems’will be judged against native reference sites.Upon completion of mining activities the resilience of these new ecosystems to drought,fire,and grazing will need to be demonstrated prior to lease relinquishment. | Peter D Erskine Andrew T Fletcher | 2013 | Ecological Processes2013，2，1： | 5 |
| 17 | Variable retention harvesting in Victoria’s Mountain Ash (Eucalyptus regnans) forests (southeastern Australia)显示文摘Variable retention harvesting is a silvicultural system that focuses on retaining key elements of stand structure at the time of logging and is increasingly being used worldwide.We describe the design and establishment of a variable retention harvesting experiment established in the Mountain Ash(Eucalyptus regnans)forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria,south-eastern Australia.The experiment was instigated in 2003,and the work to date has shown that it has environmental benefits for certain groups of small mammals,birds,and vascular plants.The experiment has been integrated with an ongoing long-term monitoring program as well as other experiments such as those in post-fire salvage-logged areas.Collectively,the results of various studies suggest that the potential value of variable retention harvesting extends beyond green-tree logging to post-fire salvage logging environments.We outline some of the challenges in,and new perspectives derived from,implementing and maintaining our experiment.This included difficulties protecting islands from high-intensity post-harvest regeneration burns and threat of declining funding undermining ongoing project viability.A critically important perspective concerns the ecological and economic context in which variable retention harvesting is implemented.In the particular case of Mountain Ash forests,assessments using formal IUCN criteria classify the ecosystem as being Critically Endangered under the Red Listed Ecosystem approach.As a result,Mountain Ash forests are at a high risk of ecosystem collapse.Further logging will increase that risk,making the basis for continued harvesting questionable.In addition,economic analyses suggest that the value of natural assets,like water production,far outweigh the value of the wood products harvested from the Mountain Ash ecosystem,again leading to questions about the viability of ongoing harvesting.We therefore conclude that whilst variable retention harvesting has the potential to contribute to biodiversity conservation in Mountain Ash forests,broader ecological and economic contextual issues(such as the values of competing resources like water yields and the heavily degraded state of the forest)may erode the case for its broader application. | David Lindenmayer David Blair Lachlan McBurney | 2019 | Ecological Processes2019，8，1： | 5 |
| 18 | Two decades of variable retention in British Columbia: a review of its implementation and effectiveness for biodiversity conservation显示文摘Stand-level retention is an important component of sustainable forest management which aims to balance ecological,social and economic objectives.Long-term retention of mature forest structures at the time of harvesting(variable retention)is intended to produce future forest stands that more closely resemble conditions that develop after natural disturbances,thereby maintaining greater diversity of habitats for a variety of organisms.Structure includes features such as live and dead trees representing multiple canopy layers,undisturbed understory vegetation and coarse woody debris.Over the past two decades,variable retention has become common on forest lands in the temperate rainforests of coastal British Columbia(BC)and has been applied to a lesser extent in inland forest types.Our review of studies in BC and in similar forest types in our region indicates that both aggregated and dispersed retention can contribute to biodiversity conservation by providing short-term‘life-boating’habitat for some species and by enhancing the structural characteristics of future stands.For example,greater abundance of species present in the pre-harvest forest have been documented for vegetation,birds,carabid beetles,gastropods,ectomycorrhizal fungi and soil fauna in retention cutblocks compared to clearcuts.There are,however,some negative consequences for timber production such as wind damage to retained trees and reduced growth rates of tree regeneration compared to clearcuts.The authors suggest an adaptive management approach for balancing competing objectives when faced with uncertainty.This includes monitoring the implementation and effectiveness of various strategies for achieving goals.Over two decades of experience applying variable retention harvesting to industrial-scale management of forest lands in BC suggests that it is possible to balance production of wood with biodiversity conservation. | William J.Beese John Deal B.Glen Dunsworth Stephen J.Mitchell Timothy J.Philpott | 2019 | Ecological Processes2019，8，1： | 5 |
| 19 | Enhancement of diversity,stand structure and regeneration of woody species through area exclosure:the case of a mopane woodland in northern Botswana显示文摘Introduction:An area exclosure is the practice of land management that involves the exclusion of livestock and humans from openly accessing an area that is characterized by severe degradation.Area exclosures have been employed as cheap and convenient means of rehabilitating degraded forests/woodlands.A study was carried out to(i)assess the species richness,diversity and evenness;(ii)determine the densities,frequencies,dominance and importance value index;and(iii)assess the population structure and regeneration status of woody species inside and outside the fence(area exclosure)of Okavango Research Institute(ORI)located in Maun,northern Botswana.Results:Thirty-five woody species were recorded inside(32 spp.)and outside(24 spp.)the ORI compound,and the population structure and regeneration status of the woody species were better inside than outside the ORI compound.The exclosure had seven times higher mean density of woody species than outside ORI,and an exceptional regeneration of seedlings was observed inside than outside the ORI compound,suggesting the process of recovery of the degraded woodland.The frequencies of more than half of the woody species also showed increment inside than outside the exclosure.The results suggest that the exclosed area is still in an initial recovery stage since it had been an open grazing area prior to the establishment of the exclosure.Most of the woody species encountered outside ORI showed hampered recruitment and regeneration,owing to different anthropogenic impacts and overgrazing by animals.Conclusions:Despite the relatively short period(10 years)of exclosure establishment,results from the present study have further provided empirical evidences on the actual crucial roles played by area exclosures to increase woody species richness,diversity,evenness,density,frequency,dominance and important value index as well as enhance the population structure and regeneration of the woody species in northern Botswana.Future research is recommended focusing on comparative studies on herbaceous species richness,diversity and density,horizontal and vertical distribution of soil seed banks,species richness of soil microorganisms,plant and soil biomass,plant and soil carbon pools(above and below ground)as well as soil contents and properties inside and outside the ORI compound. | Demel Teketay Keotshephile Kashe Joseph Madome Monica Kabelo John Neelo Mmusi Mmusi Wellington Masamba | 2018 | Ecological Processes2018，7，1： | 4 |
| 20 | Effects of geoclimatic factors on the variability in Pinus pinea cone, seed, and seedling traits in Turkey native habitats显示文摘Background:Stone pine(Pinus pinea L.)is harvested for its edible kernels.It is an important forest tree species,and also plays an important role in afforestation.Successful afforestation activities strongly depend on the quality of seeds and seedlings.Five eastern native populations of stone pine were analyzed,in terms of their geographical and climatic parameters,in order to identify their cone,seed,pine nut,and seedling traits.With this regard,we aimed to contribute to the reforestation,yield,and breeding of this species.Results:All native populations occur in the sub-humid bioclimatic zone,according to Emberger’s bioclimatic classification,ranging 74.7-63.2 of Emberger’s Q Index value(Q),which synthesizes humidity and temperature,with lower values indicating more arid conditions.With regard to geographical factors,altitude was found to have the greatest effect on cone diameter and seed weight,while there was a weak correlation of cone,seed,and pine nut dimension with longitude and latitude.In terms of climatic factors,Q and mean of the maximum temperature of June,July,and August(ME)were found to be the main drivers behind significant effects in cone,seed,and pine nut morphometric traits.The most negative effect on seed number cone−1(r:−0.897),pine nut number cone−1(r:−0.923),pine nut yield(r:−0.903),and pine nut weight(r:−0.878)was Q,whereas cone diameter,seed length,and seed weight were positively correlated with the ME(r:0.939,r:0.889,and r:0.866,respectively).Cone and seed diameter and seed weight increased with decreasing summer drought index(r:−0.806,r:−0.846,and r:−0.866,respectively).Rainfall in the June of the third year prior to harvest time(RJ)had a negative effect on the percentage of sound seeds per cone.Annual rainfall in the third year prior to harvest time(AR)significantly affected pine nut weight(r:0.889),although rainfall during summer had a negative effect.The empty seed ratio of the different populations ranged from 20 to 68%,while considering all populations,the empty seed ratio was 46%.Conclusions:The study suggests that the Q Index and ME should be taken into account to determine cone to pine nut yield.With this regard,plantations of stone pine should be established on sub-humid areas and Q values should not exceed 75. | Safa Balekoglu Servet Caliskan Hüseyin Dirik | 2020 | Ecological Processes2020，9，1： | 4 |
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