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| 1 | Carbon pools and fluxes in the China Seas and adjacent oceans显示文摘The China Seas include the South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and Bohai Sea. Located off the Northwestern Pacific margin, covering 4700000 km^2 from tropical to northern temperate zones, and including a variety of continental margins/basins and depths, the China Seas provide typical cases for carbon budget studies. The South China Sea being a deep basin and part of the Western Pacific Warm Pool is characterized by oceanic features; the East China Sea with a wide continental shelf, enormous terrestrial discharges and open margins to the West Pacific, is featured by strong cross-shelf materials transport; the Yellow Sea is featured by the confluence of cold and warm waters; and the Bohai Sea is a shallow semiclosed gulf with strong impacts of human activities. Three large rivers, the Yangtze River, Yellow River, and Pearl River, flow into the East China Sea, the Bohai Sea, and the South China Sea, respectively. The Kuroshio Current at the outer margin of the Chinese continental shelf is one of the two major western boundary currents of the world oceans and its strength and position directly affect the regional climate of China. These characteristics make the China Seas a typical case of marginal seas to study carbon storage and fluxes. This paper systematically analyzes the literature data on the carbon pools and fluxes of the Bohai Sea,Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea, including different interfaces(land-sea, sea-air, sediment-water, and marginal sea-open ocean) and different ecosystems(mangroves, wetland, seagrass beds, macroalgae mariculture, coral reefs, euphotic zones, and water column). Among the four seas, the Bohai Sea and South China Sea are acting as CO_2 sources, releasing about0.22 and 13.86–33.60 Tg C yr^(-1) into the atmosphere, respectively, whereas the Yellow Sea and East China Sea are acting as carbon sinks, absorbing about 1.15 and 6.92–23.30 Tg C yr^(-1) of atmospheric CO_2, respectively. Overall, if only the CO_2 exchange at the sea-air interface is considered, the Chinese marginal seas appear to be a source of atmospheric CO_2, with a net release of 6.01–9.33 Tg C yr^(-1), mainly from the inputs of rivers and adjacent oceans. The riverine dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) input into the Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea are 5.04, 14.60, and 40.14 Tg C yr^(-1),respectively. The DIC input from adjacent oceans is as high as 144.81 Tg C yr^(-1), significantly exceeding the carbon released from the seas to the atmosphere. In terms of output, the depositional fluxes of organic carbon in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea are 2.00, 3.60, 7.40, and 5.92 Tg C yr^(-1), respectively. The fluxes of organic carbon from the East China Sea and South China Sea to the adjacent oceans are 15.25–36.70 and 43.93 Tg C yr^(-1), respectively. The annual carbon storage of mangroves, wetlands, and seagrass in Chinese coastal waters is 0.36–1.75 Tg C yr^(-1), with a dissolved organic carbon(DOC) output from seagrass beds of up to 0.59 Tg C yr^(-1). Removable organic carbon flux by Chinese macroalgae mariculture account for 0.68 Tg C yr^(-1) and the associated POC depositional and DOC releasing fluxes are 0.14 and 0.82 Tg C yr^(-1), respectively. Thus, in total, the annual output of organic carbon, which is mainly DOC, in the China Seas is 81.72–104.56 Tg C yr^(-1). The DOC efflux from the East China Sea to the adjacent oceans is 15.00–35.00 Tg C yr^(-1). The DOC efflux from the South China Sea is 31.39 Tg C yr^(-1). Although the marginal China Seas seem to be a source of atmospheric CO_2 based on the CO_2 flux at the sea-air interface, the combined effects of the riverine input in the area, oceanic input, depositional export,and microbial carbon pump(DOC conversion and output) indicate that the China Seas represent an important carbon storage area. | Nianzhi JIAO Yantao LIANG Yongyu ZHANG Jihua LIU Yao ZHANG Rui ZHANG Meixun ZHAO Minhan DAI Weidong ZHAI Kunshan GAO Jinming SONG Dongliang YUAN Chao LI Guanghui LIN Xiaoping HUANG Hongqiang YAN Limin HU Zenghu ZHANG Long WANG Chunjie CAO Yawei LUO Tingwei LUO Nannan WANG Hongyue DANG Dongxiao WANG Si ZHANG | 2018 | Science China Earth Sciences2018，61，11： | 12 |
| 2 | Impacts of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the China Seas: Evaluation based on anthropogenic radionuclide 137Cs显示文摘In order to evaluate the impact of the Fukushima nuclear accident on the China Seas, seawater samples from the South China Sea (SCS), the East China Sea (ECS) and the Yellow Sea (YS) were collected in April-June 2011, and their 137 Cs activities were measured using low-background -spectrometry. 137Cs activities in the study area ranged from 0.75±0.07 to 1.43±0.08 Bqm 3 with an average of 1.12±0.08 Bq m 3 . 137Cs activities initially increased from the nearshore to the inner shelf, and subsequently decreased from the inner shelf to the outer shelf. Vertical profiles showed higher 137Cs activities at the surface but lower activities at depth in the ECS, suggesting atmospheric input of 137Cs. As such, the distribution pattern of 137Cs in the region was presumably determined by a combination of atmospheric deposition and subsequent mixing between different water masses including the coastal currents, the Yangtze River plume and the Taiwan Warm Currents. Based on the inventory of 93 Bq m2 and the atmospheric deposition flux of 137Cs in the ECS of 32.2 mBq m2 d1 (5.4-42.9 mBq m 2 d1 ) which we estimated, we derived the residence time of 137Cs in the upper water column to be 66d (45-95 d). We concluded that in terms of 137Cs, the ECS was less impacted by the Fukushima accident as compared to the Chernobyl accident. The released amount of 137Cs into the ECS from the Fukushima accident was minute. | WU JunWen ZHOU KuanBo DAI MinHan | 2013 | Chinese Science Bulletin2013，58，4： | 9 |
| 3 | Satellite-derived surface water pCO_2 and air-sea CO_2 fluxes in the northern South China Sea in summer显示文摘An empirical approach is presented for the estimation of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) and air-sea CO2 fluxes in the northern South China Sea in summer using satellite-derived sea surface temperatures (SSTs), chlorophyll-a (Chl a) concentrations, and wind fields. Two algorithms were tested. The first used an SST-dependent equation, and the other involved the introduction of Chl a. Regression equations were developed for summer based on in situ data obtained in July, 2004. Using the monthly average SST and Chl a fields derived from the advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) and the SeaWiFS (sea-viewing wide field of view sensor), respectively, the monthly pCO2 fields were computed. The derived pCO2 was compared with the shipboard pCO2 observations conducted in July, 2000. This resulted in a root-mean-square error of 4.6 latm, suggesting that the satellite-derived pCO2 was in general agreement with the in situ observations. The air-sea CO2 flux was further computed with the aid of the monthly mean QuikSCAT wind speed. We contend that more shipboard data are necessary for refining the empirical algorithms and reducing the uncertainty in the results. | Yu Zhu Shaoling Shang Weidong Zhai Minhan Dai | 2009 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2009，19，6： | 7 |
| 4 | Diagnosis of CO2 dynamics and fluxes in global coastal oceans显示文摘Global coastal oceans as a whole represent an important carbon sink but,due to high spatial–temporal variability,a mechanistic conceptualization of the coastal carbon cycle is still under development,hindering the modelling and inclusion of coastal carbon in Earth SystemModels.Although temperature is considered an important control of sea surface pCO2,we show that the latitudinal distribution of global coastal surface pCO2 does not match that of temperature,and its inter-seasonal changes are substantially regulated by non-thermal factors such as watermassmixing and net primary production.These processes operate in both ocean-dominated and river-dominated margins,with carbon and nutrients sourced from the open ocean and land,respectively.These can be conceptualized by a semi-analytical framework that assesses the consumption of dissolved inorganic carbon relative to nutrients,to determine how a coastal system is a CO2 source or sink.The framework also finds utility in accounting for additional nutrients in organic forms and testing hypotheses such as using Redfield stoichiometry,and is therefore an essential step toward comprehensively understanding and modelling the role of the coastal ocean in the global carbon cycle. | Zhimian Cao Wei Yang Yangyang Zhao Xianghui Guo Zhiqiang Yin Chuanjun Du Huade Zhao Minhan Dai | 2020 | National Science Review2020，7，4： | 5 |
| 5 | Carbon fluxes in the China Seas: An overview and perspective显示文摘This paper aims to provide an overview of regional carbon fluxes and budgets in the marginal seas adjacent to China.The 'China Seas' includes primarily the South China Sea, East China Sea, Yellow Sea, and the Bohai Sea. Emphasis is given to CO_2 fluxes across the air-sea interface and their controls. The net flux of CO_2 degassing from the China Seas is estimated to be9.5±53 Tg C yr^(-1). The total riverine carbon flux through estuaries to the China Seas is estimated as 59.6±6.4 Tg C yr^(-1). Chinese estuaries annually emit 0.74±0.02 Tg C as CO_2 to the atmosphere. Additionally, there is a very large net carbon influx from the Western Pacific to the China Seas, amounting to ~2.5 Pg C yr^(-1). As a first-order estimate, the total export flux of particulate organic carbon from the upper ocean of the China Seas is 240±80 Tg C yr^(-1). This review also attempts to examine current knowledge gaps to promote a better understanding of the carbon cycle in this important region. | Qian LIU Xianghui GUO Zhiqiang YIN Kuanbo ZHOU Elliott Gareth ROBERTS Minhan DAI | 2018 | Science China Earth Sciences2018，61，11： | 3 |
| 6 | A preliminary study of the variation of phytoplankton absorption coefficients in the northern South China Sea显示文摘The temporal and spatial variabilities of phytoplankton absorption coefficients (a ph (λ)) and their relationships with physical processes in the northern South China Sea were examined, based on in situ data collected from two cruise surveys during May 14 to 25, 2001 and November 2 to 21, 2002. Significant changes in the surface water in a ph values and B/R ratios (a ph (440)/a ph (675)) were observed in May, which were caused by a phytoplankton bloom on the inner shelf stimulated by a large river plume due to heavy precipitation. This is consistent with the observed one order of magnitude elevation of chlorophyll a and a shift from a pico/nano dominated phytoplankton community to one dominated by micro-algae. Enhanced vertical mixing due to strengthened northeast monsoon in November has been observed to result in higher surface a ph (675) (0.002–0.006 m-1 higher) and less pronounced subsurface maximum on the outer shelf/slope in November as compared with that in May. Measurements of a ph and B/R ratios from three transects in November revealed a highest surface a ph (675) immediately outside the mouth of the Zhujiang (Pearl) River Estuary, whereas lower a ph (675) and higher B/R ratios were featured in the outer shelf/slope waters, demonstrating the respective influence of the Zhujiang River plume and the oligotrophic water of the South China Sea. The difference in spectral shapes of phytoplankton absorption (measured by B/R ratios and bathochromic shifts) on these three transects infers that picoprocaryotes are the major component of the phytoplankton community on the outer shelf/slope rather than on the inner shelf. A regional tuning of the phytoplankton absorption spectral model (Carder et al., 1999) was attempted, demonstrating a greater spatial variation than temporal variation in the lead parameter a 0 (λ). It was thus implicated that region-based parameterization of ocean color remote sensing algorithms in the northern South China Sea was mandatory. | WU Jingyu HONG Huasheng SHANG Shaoling DAI Minhan LEE Zhongping LI Shaojing | 2009 | Acta Oceanologica Sinica2009，28，5： | 2 |
| 7 | On the seasonal variation of air – sea CO 2 fluxes in the outer Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, East China Sea显示文摘 | Weidong Zhai Minhan Dai | 2009 | Marine Chemistry2009，，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Carbonate system and CO 2 degassing fluxes in the inner estuary of Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China显示文摘 | Weidong Zhai Minhan Dai Xianghui Guo | 2007 | Marine Chemistry2007，，3： | 1 |
| 9 | On the seasonal variation of ai>sea CO2 fluxes in the outer ChanRiiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, East China Sea显示文摘 | Zhai Weidong Dai Minhan | 2009 | Marine Chemistry2009，117，： | 1 |
| 10 | Carbonate system and CO 2 degassing fluxes in the inner estuary of Changjiang (Yangtze) River, China显示文摘 | Weidong Zhai Minhan Dai Xianghui Guo | 2007 | Marine Chemistry2007，，3： | 1 |
| 11 | Air-sea exchange of carbon dioxide in ocean margins: aprovince-based synthesis显示文摘 | CAI WEIJUN DAI MINHAN WANG YONGCHEN 2006 | 2006 | Geophysical Research Letters2006，33，12： | 1 |
| 12 | Coupling of surface pCOz and dissolved oxygen in the northern South China Sea: impacts of contrasting coastal processes显示文摘 | Zhal Weidong Dai Minhan Cal Weijun | 2009 | Biogeosciences2009，6，11： | 1 |
| 13 | Diurnal variations of surface seawater pCO2 in contrastingcoastal environments显示文摘 | DAI MINHAN LU ZHONGMING ZHAI WEIDONG 2009 | 2009 | Limnology Oceanography2009，54，3： | 1 |
| 14 | High partial pressure of CO2 and its maintaining mechanism in a subtropical estuary: the Pearl River estuary,China显示文摘 | Zhai Weidong Dai Minhan Cai Weijun | 2005 | Marine Chemistry2005，93，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Why are some marginal seas sources of atmospheric CO2?显示文摘 | DAI MINHAN CAO ZHIMIAN GUO XIANGHUI 2013 | 2013 | Geophysical Research Letters2013，40，10： | 1 |
| 16 | On the seasonal variation of air-sea COz fluxes in the outer Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary,East China Sea显示文摘 | Zhai Weidong Dai Minhan | 2009 | Marine Chemistry2009，117，14： | 1 |
| 17 | Modeling seasonal and diurnal pCO2 variations in thenorthern South China Sea显示文摘 | LU ZHONGMING GAN JIANPING DAI MINHAN 2012 | 2012 | Journal of Marine Systems2012，92，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Effects of an estuarine plume-associated bloom on the carbonate system in the lower reaches of the Pearl River estuary and the coastal zone of the northern South China Sea显示文摘 | Dai Minhan Zhai Weidong Cai Weijun | 2008 | Continental Shelf Research2008，28，12： | 1 |
| 19 | The partial pressure of carbon dioxide and air-sea fluxes in the northern South China Sea in spring, summer and autumn 显示文摘 | ZHAI Weidong DAI Minhan CAI Weijun | 2005 | Mar Chem2005，96，1： | 1 |
| 20 | High partial pressure of CO2 and its maintaining mechanism in a subtropical estuary: the Pearl River estuary, China 显示文摘 | ZHAI Weidong DAI Minhan CAI Weijun | 2005 | Mar Chem2005，93，1： | 1 |
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