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| 1 | Diagenetic fluids evolution and genetic mechanism of tight sandstone gas reservoirs in Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin, China显示文摘The reservoirs of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin have the characteristics of low compositional maturity, low contents of cements and medium textural maturity. The general physical properties of the reservoirs are poor, with low porosity and low permeability, and there are only a few reservoirs with medium porosity and low permeability in local areas. Based on the diagenetic mineral association, a diagenetic sequence of cements is established: early calcites (or micrite siderites) →first quartz overgrowth→chlorite coatings→dissolution of feldspars and debris→chlorite linings→ second quartz overgrowth (quartz widen or filled in remain intergranular pores and solution pores)→dissolution→third quartz overgrowth (quartz filled in intergranular and intragranular solution pores)→intergrowth (ferro) calcites→dolomites→ferro (calcites) dolomites→later dissolution→veins of quartz and calcites formation. Mechanical compaction is the main factor in making the reservoirs tight in the basin, followed by the second and third quartz overgrowth. In a long-term closed system, only feld-spars and some lithic fragments are dissolved by diagenetic fluids, while intergranular cements such as quartz and calcit are not dissolved and thus have little influence on the porosity of the Xujiahe Formation. This is the third factor that may have kept the sandstones of Xujiahe Formation tight finally. The hydrocarbon was extensively generated from organic materials after the second quartz overgrowth, and selectively entered favorable reservoirs to form tight sandstone gas reservoirs. | ZHU RuKai ZOU CaiNeng ZHANG Nai WANG XueSong CHENG Rong LIU LiuHong ZHOU ChuanMin SONG LiHong | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，9： | 29 |
| 2 | Progress in China's Unconventional Oil & Gas Exploration and Development and Theoretical Technologies显示文摘The new century has witnessed a strategic breakthrough in unconventional oil & gas.Hydrocarbon accumulated in micro-/nano-scale pore throat shale systems has become an important domain that could replace current oil & gas resources.Unconventional oil & gas plays an increasingly important role in our energy demand.Tight gas,CBM,heavy oil and asphaltic sand have served as a key domain of exploration & development,with tight oil becoming a 'bright spot' domain and shale gas becoming a 'hotspot' domain.China has made great breakthroughs in unconventional oil & gas resources,such as tight gas,shale gas,tight oil and CBM,and great progress in oil shale,gas hydrate,heavy oil and oil sand.China has an estimated(223-263)×10~8t of unconventional oil resources and(890-1260)×l0^(12)m^3 of gas resources.China has made a breakthrough for progress in unconventional oil & gas study.New progress achieved in fine-grained sedimentary studies related to continental open lacustrine basin large-scale shallow-water delta sand bodies,lacustrine basin central sandy clastic flow sediments and marine-continental fine-grained sediments provide a theoretical basis for the formation and distribution of basin central reservoir bodies.Great breakthroughs have been made in unconventional reservoir geology in respect of research methodology & technology,multi-scale data merging and physical simulation of formation conditions.Overall characterization of unconventional reservoirs via multi-method and multi-scale becomes increasingly popular and facilitates the rapid development of unconventional oil & gas geological theory,method and technology.The formation of innovative,continuous hydrocarbon accumulation theory,the establishment of the framework of the unconventional oil & gas geological theory system,and the determination of the implications,geological feature,formation mechanism,distribution rule and core technology of unconventional oil& gas geological study lays a theoretical foundation for extensive unconventional oil & gas exploration and development.Theories and technologies of unconventional oil & gas exploration and development developed rapidly,including some key evaluation techniques such as 'sweet spot zone' integrated evaluation and a six-property evaluation technique that uses hydrocarbon source,lithology,physical property,brittleness,hydrocarbon potential and stress anisotropy,and some key development &engineering technologies including micro-seismic monitoring,horizontal drilling & completion and 'factory-like' operation pattern, 'man-made reservoir' development,which have facilitated the innovative development of unconventional oil & gas.These breakthroughs define a new understanding in four aspects:①theoretical innovation;② key technologies;③ complete market mechanism and national policy support;and ④ well-developed ground infrastructure,which are significant for prolonging the life cycle of petroleum industry,accelerating the upgrade and development of theories and technologies and altering the global traditional energy structure. | ZOU Caineng YANG Zhi ZHU Rukai ZHANG Guosheng HOU Lianhua WU Songtao TAO Shizhen YUAN Xuanjun DONG Dazhong WANG Yuman WANG Lan HUANG Jinliang WANG Shufang | 2015 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2015，89，3： | 27 |
| 3 | Geologic characteristics, controlling factors and hydrocarbon accumulation mechanisms of China’s Large Gas Provinces of low porosity and permeability显示文摘Based on the analysis of the geological characteristics and controlling factors, we analyzed the formation mechanism of different types of gas reservoirs. The main characteristics of gas provinces with low porosity and permeability are mainly as follows: large area, low abundance, small gas pools and large gas provinces; widely distributed excellent hydrocarbon source rocks with closely contacted source-reservoir-cap association; development mainly in large continental depressions or in paralic shallow-river delta systems; many kinds of traps coexisting in large areas, dominantly para-layered lithologic, digenetic and capillary pressure traps; double fluid flow mechanisms of Darcy flow and non-Darcy flow; complicated gas and water relations; and having the resource distribution of highly productive 'sweet spots', banding concentration, and macroscopically large areas integrated. The main controlling factors of large sandstone gas provinces with low porosity and permeability are stable dynamic backgrounds and gentle structural frameworks which control the extensive distribution of alternate (interbedded) sandstones and mudstones; weak hydropower of large gentle lake basins controlling the formation of discontinuous, low porosity and permeability reservoirs in shallow-water deltas; regionally differential diagenesis and no homogeneous digenetic facies controlling the development of favorable reservoirs and digenetic traps; and weak and dispersive reservoir-forming dynamic forces leading to the widely distributed small traps with low abundance. Low porosity and permeability gas provinces with different trap types have different formation mechanisms which include fluid diversion pressure difference interactive mechanism of lithologic-trap gas accumulations, separated differential collection mechanism of digenetic-trap gas accumulations, and the Non-Darcy flow mechanism of capillary-pressure gas accumulations. | ZOU CaiNeng TAO ShiZhen ZHANG XiangXiang HE DongBo ZHOU ChuanMin GAO XiaoHui | 2009 | Science China Earth Sciences2009，52，8： | 22 |
| 4 | Discrimination of abiogenic and biogenic alkane gases显示文摘We have combined the analytical data of the carbon isotope distribution pattern, R/Ra and CH4/3He values of abiogenic and biogenic (referring to the thermogenic and bacterial or microbial) alkane gases in China with those of alkane gases from USA, Russia, Germany, Australia and other countries. Four discrimination criteria are derived from this comparative study: 1) Carbon isotopic composition is generally greater than -30‰ for abiogenic methane and less than -30‰ for biogenic methane; 2) Abiogenic alkane gases have a carbon isotopic reversal trend (δ 13C1> δ 13C2> δ 13C3> δ 13C4) with δ 13C1>-30‰ in general; 3) Gases with R/Ra >0.5 and δ 13C11 δ 13C2>0 are of abiogenic origin; 4) Gases (meth- ane) with CH4/3He≤106 are of abiogenic origin, whereas gases with CH4/3He≥1011 are of biogenic origin. | DAI JinXing ZOU CaiNeng ZHANG ShuiChang LI Jian NI YunYan HU GuoYi LUO Xia TAO ShiZhen ZHU GuangYou MI JingKui LI ZhiSheng HU AnPing YANG Chun ZHOU QingHua SHUAI YanHua ZHANG Ying MA ChengHua | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，12： | 17 |
| 5 | Analysis of Reservoir Forming Conditions and Prediction of Continuous Tight Gas Reservoirs for the Deep Jurassic in the Eastern Kuqa Depression,Tarim Basin显示文摘The exploration targets in the Kuqa Depression at present are mainly structure traps in Cretaceous-Tertiary.Due to the complexity of mountain distribution and reservoir forming conditions, the exploration of Jurassic in the eastern Kuqa Depression has been in a state of semi-stagnation since the discovery of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir.According to the concept and theory of 'continuous petroleum reservoirs' and the re-analysis of the forming conditions of the Yinan-2 gas reservoir and regional natural gas ... | ZOU Caineng JIA Jinhua TAO Shizhen TAO Xiaowan | 2011 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2011，85，5： | 15 |
| 6 | Characteristics and Origin of Tight Oil Accumulations in the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation of the Ordos Basin,North-Central China显示文摘The Upper Triassic oil accumulations in the Ordos Basin is the most successful tight oil play in China,with average porosity values of less than 10% and permeability values below 1.0 mD.This study investigated the geological characteristics and origin of the tight oil accumulations in the Chang 6 member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Shanbei area based on over 50,000 petrological,source-rock analysis,well logging and production data.The tight oil accumulation of the Chang 6 member is distributed continuously in the basin slope and the centre of the basin.The oilwater relationships are complex.Laumontite dissolution pores are the most important storage spaces,constituting 30%-60% of total porosity and showing a strong positive relationship with oil production.The pore-throat diameter is less than 1 μm,and the calculated critical height of the oil column is much larger than the tight sand thickness,suggesting that the buoyancy was probably of limited importance for oil migration.The pressure difference between the source rocks and sandstone reservoirs is inferred to have provided driving force for hydrocarbon migration.Two factors of source-reservoir configuration and laumontite dissolution contributed to the formation of the Chang 6 tight oil accumulations.Intense hydrocarbon generation and continuous sand bodies close to the hydrocarbon kitchen are the foundation for the large-scale oil distribution.Dissolution of feldspar-laumontite during the process of organic matter evolution generated abundant secondary pores and improved the reservoir quality. | WU Songtao ZOU Caineng ZHU Rukai YAO Jingli TAO Shizhen YANG Zhi ZHAI Xiufen CUI Jingwei LIN Senhu | 2016 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2016，90，5： | 13 |
| 7 | Geological characteristics and accumulation mechanisms of the 'continuous' tight gas reservoirs of the Xu2 Member in the middle-south transition region,Sichuan Basin,China显示文摘'Continuous' tight gas reservoirs are those reservoirs which develop in widespread tight sandstones with a continuous distribution of natural gas.In this paper,we summarize the geological features of the source rocks and 'continuous' tight gas reservoirs in the Xujiahe Formation of the middle-south transition region,Sichuan Basin.The source rocks of the Xu1 Member and reservoir rocks of the Xu2 Member are thick(Xu1 Member:40 m,Xu2 Member:120 m) and are distributed continuously in this study area.The results of drilled wells show that the widespread sandstone reservoirs of the Xu2 Member are charged with natural gas.Therefore,the natural gas reservoirs of the Xu2 Member in the middle-south transition region are 'continuous' tight gas reservoirs.The accumulation of 'continuous' tight gas reservoirs is controlled by an adequate driving force of the pressure differences between source rocks and reservoirs,which is demonstrated by a 'one-dimensional' physical simulation experiment.In this simulation,the natural gas of 'continuous' tight gas reservoirs moves forward with no preferential petroleum migration pathways(PPMP),and the natural gas saturation of 'continuous' tight gas reservoirs is higher than that of conventional reservoirs. | Zou Caineng Gong Yanjie Tao Shizhen Liu Shaobo | 2013 | Petroleum Science2013，10，2： | 11 |
| 8 | Geological and Geochemical Characteristics and Exploration Prospect of Coal-Derived Tight Sandstone Gas in China: Case Study of the Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim Basins显示文摘This work extensively investigated global tight sandstone gas, and geologically and geochemically analyzed the tight sandstone gas in China's Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins. We compared typical tight sandstone gas in China with that in North America. We proposed six conditions for the formation of China's tight sandstone gas, and illustrated the geological characteristics of tight sandstone gas. In China, gas-bearing tight sandstones were mainly deposited in continental lake deltas and marine-terrigenous facies basin environments, associated with coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried deeper than 2000 m under a formation pressure of 20–30 MPa, with pressure coefficients varying from overpressure to negative pressure. In other countries, tight gas bearing sandstones were dominantly deposited in marine to marine-terrigenous facies environments, occurred in coal-measure strata, and were mostly buried shallower than 2000 m in low-pressure systems. We systematically analyzed tight sandstone gas in the Ordos, Sichuan, and Tarim basins in terms of chemical compositions, geochemical characteristics of carbon isotopes, origins, and sources. Tight sandstone gas in China usually has a hydrocarbon content of >95%, with CH4 content >90%, and a generally higher dry coefficient. In the three above-mentioned large tight sandstone gas regions, δ13 C1 and δ13 C2 mainly ranges from-42‰ to-28‰ and from-28‰ to-21‰, respectively. Type III coal-measure source rocks that closely coexist with tight reservoirs are developed extensively in these gas regions. The organic petrology of source rocks and the carbon isotope compositions of gas indicate that tight sandstone gas in China is dominantly coal-derived gas generated by coal-measure strata. Our analysis of carbon isotope series shows that local isotope reversals are mainly caused by the mixing of gases of different maturities and that were generated at different stages. With increasing maturity, the reversal tendency becomes more apparent. Moreover, natural gas with medium-low maturity(e.g., Xujiahe Formation natural gas in the Sichuan Basin) presents an apparent reversal at a low-maturity stage, a normal series at a medium-maturity stage, and a reversal tendency again at a high-maturity stage. Finally, we proposed four conditions for preferred tight sandstone gas 'sweep spots,' and illustrated the recoverable reserves, proven reserves, production, and exploration prospects of tight sandstone gas. The geological and geochemical characteristics, origins, sources, and exploration potential of tight sandstone gas in China from our research will be instructive for the future evaluation, prediction, and exploration of tight sandstone gas in China and abroad. | ZOU Caineng TAO Shizhen HAN Wenxue ZHAO Zhenyu MA Weijiao LI Changwei BAI Bin GAO Xiaohui | 2018 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2018，92，4： | 11 |
| 9 | Geologic Characteristics of Volcanic Hydrocarbon Reservoirs and Exploration Directions in China显示文摘Volcanic rocks are distributed widely in China, which are important exploration targets. By analyzing many discovered volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs all over the world, the authors summarized the geologic characteristics of the formation of volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs in China, and gave further exploration directions and advices. (1) There are mainly Carboniferous-Permian, Jurassic-Cretaceous, Paleogene-Neogene volcanic rocks in oil- and gas-bearing basins in China, which are mainly distributed in the Junggar Basin, Songliao Basin, Bohai Bay Basin, etc. There are mainly intermediate rocks and acidic rocks in east China, and intermediate rocks and basic rocks in west China. They primarily develop in intracontinental rift settings and island arc environments. (2) Pore- fissure reservoirs are distributed widely in basins, which are volcanic rocks mainly in explosive and effusive facies. (3) Volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs are chiefly near-source lithostratigraphic hydrocarbon reservoirs, and the oil and gas accumulation is predominantly controlled by lithotypes, faults and structural positions. (4) Deep-seated oil and gas reservoirs in the Songliao Basin and Carboniferous volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Junggar Basin are potential giant volcanic gas provinces, the volcanic hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Bohai Bay Basin and Santanghu Basin are favorable for oil and gas reserves increase, and volcanic rocks in the Turpan Basin, Sichuan Basin, Tarim Basin have exploration potentiality. (5) The technology series of oil and gas exploration in volcanic rocks have been preliminarily formed. | ZOU Caineng ZHU Rukai ZHAO Wenzhi JIA Chengzao ZHANG Guangya YUAN Xuanjun ZHAO Xia WEN Baihong | 2010 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2010，84，1： | 10 |
| 10 | Methods for Shale Gas Play Assessment: A Comparison between Silurian Longmaxi Shale and Mississippian Barnett Shale显示文摘Based on field work, organic geochemical analyses and experimental testing, a six-property assessment method for shale gas is proposed. These six properties include organic matter properies, lithofacies, petrophysical properties, gas content, brittleness and local stress field. Due to the features of continuous distribution over a large area and low resource abundance in shale plays, a sweet spot should have these following properties:(a) TOC>2%;(b) brittle minerals content(>40%) and clay minerals(<30%);(c) Ro(>1.1%);(d) porosity(>2%) and permeability(>0.000 1 m D), and(e) effective thickness(30–50 m). Applying these criteria in the Sichuan Basin, the Silurian Longmaxi shale consists of four prospecting sweet spots, including blocks of Changning, Weiyuan, Zhaotong and Fushun-Yongchuan. Although these four blocks have some similarities, different features were usually observed. After comprehensive analyses using the six-property assessment method, the Fushun-Yongan Block ranks the most favorable sweet spot, followed by the Weiyuan Block. For the other two blocks, the Changning Block is better than the Zhaotong Block. By comparing with the Mississippian Barnett shale, characteristics that are crucial for a high-yielding in the Sichuan Basin include a high content of organic matter(TOC>2.5%), a moderate thermal maturity(Ro=0.4%–2%), a high content of brittle minerals(quartz: 30%–45%), a high gas content(>2.5 m3?t-1), and types I and II1 kerogen. | Songqi Pan Caineng Zou Zhi Yang Dazhong Dong Yuman Wang Shufang Wang Songtao Wu Jinliang Huang Qun Liu Dule Wang Ziyuan Wang | 2015 | Journal of Earth Science2015，26，2： | 10 |
| 11 | Shale Gas Formation and Occurrence in China: An Overview of the Current Status and Future Potential显示文摘Shale gas is one of the most promising unconventional resources both in China and abroad. It is known as a form of self-contained source-reservoir system with large and continuous dimensions. Through years of considerable exploration efforts, China has identified three large shale gas fields in the Fuling, Changning and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin, and has announced more than 540 billion m^3 of proven shale gas reserves in marine shale systems. The geological theories for shale gas development have progressed rapidly in China as well. For example, the new depositional patterns have been introduced for deciphering the paleogeography and sedimentary systems of the Wufeng shale and Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin. The shale gas storage mechanism has been widely accepted as differing from conventional natural gas in that it is adsorbed on organic matter or a mineral surface or occurs as free gas trapped in pores and fractures of the shale. Significant advances in the techniques of microstructural characterization have provided new insights on how gas molecules are stored in micro- and nano-scale porous shales. Furthermore, newly-developed concepts and practices in the petroleum industry, such as hydraulic fracturing, microseismic monitoring and multiwell horizontal drilling, have made the production of this unevenly distributed but promising unconventional natural gas a reality. China has 10–36 trillion m^3 of promising shale gas among the world's whole predicted technically recoverable reserves of 206.6 trillion m^3. China is on the way to achieving its goal of an annual yield of 30–50 billion m^3 by launching more trials within shale gas projects. | ZOU Caineng YANG Zhi PAN Songqi CHEN Yanyan LIN Senhu HUANG Jinliang WU Songtao DONG Dazhong WANG Shufang LIANG Feng SUN Shasha HUANG Yong WENG Dingwei | 2016 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2016，90，4： | 9 |
| 12 | Hydrocarbon accumulation mechanism and structure of largescale volcanic weathering crust of the Carboniferous in northern Xinjiang,China显示文摘上面在北 Xinjiang 含碳,中国在 post-collisional 消沉被形成并且折叠结构的设定。在一个宽区域上在上面的含碳的、暴烈的岩石和来源岩石以内轮流出现。在结束含碳,这些层被板碰撞高举并且随后捱过并且沥滤。暴烈的捱过并且沥滤导致了能被划分成五层的捱过的外壳的建立。腐蚀并且在这些层形式弄碎地区有利水库。在亚在空中形成的暴烈的捱过外壳暴露了 paleogeomorphic 区域;五相对连续的层通常在 paleogeomorphic 低地和斜坡区域被保存,但是上面的土壤层在岩石的更高的部分记录的在结构上通常是不在的。捱过的层的厚度有一种积极非线性的指数的关系到捱过并且沥滤的持续时间,并且捱过的外壳的动态平衡时间是大约 36.3 妈。最厚的捱过的层(450 m ) 位于破裂地区。捱过的外壳从有不同岩性学的暴烈的岩石的一个范围是可能的,捱过并且沥滤的给定的足够的时间。暴烈的捱过的外壳和来源岩石的联合导致烃累积模型的三种类型:(1 ) 与来源岩石暴烈的捱过的外壳 interbedded 定序,(2 ) 一个伪分层的捱过的暴烈的核心定位了上面的来源岩石,并且(3 ) 暴烈的岩石与邻近的梳状的不顺从联系了采购岩石。每这三种类型有潜力形成暴烈的捱过的外壳的一座巨大的 stratigraphic 水库。这知识改变了在暴烈的岩石中寻找有利 lithologic 和岩相地区的传统的探索模型,并且改变了观点含碳没有基因潜力是在北 Xinjiang 的盆的地下室。这里开发的概念为在暴烈的捱过的外壳上集中油和煤气的探索具有大科学意义和申请。因此,在中国的 midwestern 部分的古生代的暴烈的捱过的外壳可以可能包含大规模 stratigraphic 水库并且以后能因此是新油和煤气的探索目标。 | ZOU CaiNeng HOU LianHua TAO ShiZhen YUAN XuanJun ZHU RuKai JIA JinHua ZHANG XiangXiang LI FuHeng PANG ZhengLian | 2012 | Science China Earth Sciences2012，55，2： | 8 |
| 13 | Contemplation on China’s Energy-Development Strategies and Initiatives in the Context of Its Carbon Neutrality Goal显示文摘1.Introduction Climate change has become a global nontraditional security challenge,and achieving carbon neutrality is the global trend of the era that will determine the future of humanity[1-5].So far,more than 137 countries have set goals or pledged to achieve carbon neutrality.In September 2020,China committed itself to peak carbon emissions by 2030 and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060,in what are known as China’s“dual carbon goals”[6]. | Houliang Dai Yinao Su Lichun Kuang Jizhen Liu Dazhao Gu Caineng Zou | 2021 | Engineering2021，7，12： | 6 |
| 14 | The role of new energy in carbon neutral显示文摘Carbon dioxide is an important medium of the global carbon cycle,and has the dual properties of realizing the conversion of organic matter in the ecosystem and causing the greenhouse effect.The fixed or available carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is defined as'gray carbon',while the carbon dioxide that cannot be fixed or used and remains in the atmosphere is called'black carbon'.Carbon neutral is the consensus of human development,but its implementation still faces many challenges in politics,resources,technology,market,and energy structure,etc.It is proposed that carbon replacement,carbon emission reduction,carbon sequestration,and carbon cycle are the four main approaches to achieve carbon neutral,among which carbon replacement is the backbone.New energy has become the leading role of the third energy conversion and will dominate carbon neutral in the future.Nowadays,solar energy,wind energy,hydropower,nuclear energy and hydrogen energy are the main forces of new energy,helping the power sector to achieve low carbon emissions.'Green hydrogen'is the reserve force of new energy,helping further reduce carbon emissions in industrial and transportation fields.Artificial carbon conversion technology is a bridge connecting new energy and fossil energy,effectively reducing the carbon emissions of fossil energy.It is predicted that the peak value of China’s carbon dioxide emissions will reach 110×10^(8) t in 2030.The study predicts that China’s carbon emissions will drop to 22×10^(8) t,33×10^(8) t and 44×10^(8) t,respectively,in 2060 according to three scenarios of high,medium,and low levels.To realize carbon neutral in China,seven implementation suggestions have been put forward to build a new'three small and one large'energy structure in China and promote the realization of China’s energy independence strategy. | ZOU Caineng XIONG Bo XUE Huaqing ZHENG Dewen GE Zhixin WANG Ying JIANG Luyang PAN Songqi WU Songtao | 2021 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2021，48，2： | 6 |
| 15 | Structure of weathered clastic crust and its petroleum potential显示文摘Weathered clastic crust can be subdivided into weathered clay and leached zone in terms of variable weathering of different minerals and mobility of weathered products.On the basis of clastic outcrops and well cores in the Junggar Basin,the dark red Fe-rich weathered clay is formed in an arid environment,whereas the light blue Al-rich weathered clay under humid conditions.According to the geochemical analysis,a new weathering index for weathered clastic crust is built mainly on Fe and Al contents,accurately indicating the weathered clay,sandy leached zone,and muddy leached zone in the Junggar Basin.The breaking pressure of weathered clay is rather large,the same as that of normal muddy cap,effectively to seal oil or gas.The porosity of underlying leached zone is greatly enhanced by weathering and leaching,but its permeability is a function of clay mineral content,i.e.,the higher the clay content,the worse the permeability.Weathered crust provides effective sealing conditions for both top and bottom layers of a petroleum reservoir,and is important in the clastic hydrocarbon exploration. | ZOU CaiNeng HOU LianHua YANG Fan YANG Chun TAO ShiZhen YUAN XuanJun ZHU RuKai | 2014 | Science China Earth Sciences2014，57，12： | 6 |
| 16 | “Exploring petroleum inside source kitchen”: Shale oil and gas in Sichuan Basin显示文摘The Sichuan Basin is rich in shale oil and gas resources,with favorable geological conditions that the other shale reservoirs in China cannot match.Thus,the basin is an ideal option for fully'exploring petroleum inside source kitchen'with respect to onshore shale oil and gas in China.This paper analyzes the characteristics of shale oil and gas resources in the United States and China,and points out that maturity plays an important role in controlling shale oil and gas composition.US shale oil and gas exhibit high proportions of light hydrocarbon and wet gas,whereas Chinese marine and transitional shale gas is mainly dry gas and continental shale oil is generally heavy.A comprehensive geological study of shale oil and gas in the Sichuan Basin reveals findings with respect to the following three aspects.First,there are multiple sets of organic-rich shale reservoirs of three types in the basin,such as the Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation and Ordovician Wufeng Formation-Silurian Longmaxi Formation marine shale,Permian Longtan Formation transitional shale,Triassic Xujiahe Formation lake-swamp shale,and Jurassic lacustrine shale.Marine shale gas enrichment is mainly controlled by four elements:Deep-water shelf facies,moderate thermal evolution,calcium-rich and silicon-rich rock association,and closed roof/floor.Second,the'sweet section'is generally characterized by high total organic carbon,high gas content,large porosity,high brittle minerals content,high formation pressure,and the presence of lamellation/bedding and natural microfractures.Moreover,the'sweet area'is generally characterized by very thick organic-rich shale,moderate thermal evolution,good preservation conditions,and shallow burial depth,which are exemplified by the shale oil and gas in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation,Longtan Formation,and Daanzhai Member of the Ziliujing Formation.Third,the marine,transitional,and continental shale oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin account for 50%,25%,and 30%of the respective types of shale oil and gas geological resources in China,with great potential to become the cradle of the shale oil and gas industrial revolution in China.Following the'Conventional Daqing-Oil'(i.e.,the Daqing oilfield in the Songliao Basin)and the'Western Daqing-Oil&Gas'(i.e.,the Changqing oilfield in the Ordos Basin),the Southwest oil and gas field in the Sichuan Basin is expected to be built into a'Sichuan-Chongqing Daqing-Gas'in China. | Caineng ZOU Zhi YANG Shasha SUN Qun ZHAO Wenhua BAI Honglin LIU Songqi PAN Songtao WU Yilin YUAN | 2020 | Science China Earth Sciences2020，63，7： | 6 |
| 17 | Evaluation criteria, major types, characteristics and resource prospects of tight oil in China显示文摘Tight oil refers to a petroleum play that occurs in a free or adsorbed state in source rocks or tight reservoir rocks(e.g.,sandstone and carbonate rock)interbedded with or close to source rocks.Tight oil has generally not experienced large-scale,long-distance migration.According to such a definition and its characteristics,10 key indices are proposed for tight oil resource evaluation in China.Tight oil reservoirs are divided into three groups in terms of porosity and permeability.Tight oil can be classified into three types according to the contact relationship between the tight oil reservoirs and source rocks,i.e.,tight lacustrine carbonate oil,tight deep-lake gravity flow sandstones oil,and tight deep-lake deltaic sandstones oil.In China,tight oil resources are widely distributed and significant exploration discoveries have been achieved in the sixth member and seventh member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Junggar Basin,the Middle-Lower Jurassic strata of the Sichuan Basin,and the Cretaceous Qingshankou and Quantou Formations in the Songliao Basin.The total geological resources of tight oil in China assessed by using the“analog”method are estimated to be(10.67-11.15)×10^(9) tones.Taking into account of the future prospects of petroleum development,tight oil may become a realistic alternative to the conventional oil resources in China. | Chengzao Jia Caineng Zou Jianzhong Li Denghua Li Min Zheng | 2016 | Petroleum Research2016，1，1： | 5 |
| 18 | A static resistance model and the discontinuous pattern of hydrocarbon accumulation in tight oil reservoirs显示文摘In exploration for tight oil, the content and saturation of hydrocarbon in the tight reservoir is a key factor for evaluating the reserve. Therefore, it is necessary to study the geological history of hydrocarbon accumulation and the tight oil charging process. However, kinetic models used for petroleum development are not applicable for petroleum exploration. In this study, a static resistance model is proposed after analyzing resistances in ultra-slow flow in porous media. Using this model, the discontinuous pattern of oil charging is reproduced through incompressible Navier-Stokes equations, the phase field method and the finite element method. This study also explains macroscopic percolation behavior with microscopic flow mechanisms and discusses some issues in ultra-slow flow in a micro/nano pore-throat network. The resistance analysis reveals that capillary resistance and dissipation resistance are dominant factors in the mechanism of oil accumulation in tight reservoirs. Numerical simulations show that pressure thresholds exist and result in discontinuous oil charging. Generally, it is proven that the static model is more applicable than kinetic models in describing oil accumulation in tight reservoirs. | Sun Liang Zou Caineng Liu Xiaoli Zhu Rukai Wang Xiaoqi | 2014 | Petroleum Science2014，11，4： | 5 |
| 19 | Theory, technology and prospects of conventional and unconventional natural gas显示文摘The development of natural gas in China has entered a golden and leap-forward stage, which is a necessary bridge to clean energy. This in-depth study on the status quo, theory, technology and prospect of natural gas development shows:(1) The global remaining proven recoverable reserves of natural gas are 186×1012 m3, and the reserves-production ratio is 52.4, indicating a solid resource base for long-term and rapid development.(2) Ten formation and distribution laws of conventional and unconventional natural gas reservoirs have been proposed. In terms of exploration geology, the theory of conventional 'monolithic' giant gas fields with different gas sources, and an unconventional gas accumulation theory with continuous distribution of 'sweet areas' in different lithologic reservoirs have been established; in terms of development geology, a development theory of conventional structural gas reservoirs is oriented to 'controlling water intrusion', while a development theory of unconventional gas is concentrated on man-made gas reservoirs.(3) With the geological resources(excluding hydrates) of 210×1012 m3 and the total proven rate of the resources less than 2% at present, the natural gas in China will see a constant increase in reserve and production; by 2030, the proven geological reserves of natural gas are expected to reach about(6 000-7 000)×108 m3, the production of conventional and unconventional natural gas each will reach about 1 000×108 m3, and the gas consumption will reach 5 500×108 m3. The dependence on imported natural gas may be 64% by 2030, and 70% by 2050.(4) Ten measures for future development of natural gas have been proposed, including strengthening exploration in large-scale resource areas, increasing the development benefits of unconventional gas, and enhancing the peak adjusting capacity of gas storage and scale construction of liquified natural gas. | ZOU Caineng YANG Zhi HE Dongbo WEI Yunsheng LI Jian JIA Ailin CHEN Jianjun ZHAO Qun LI Yilong LI Jun YANG Shen | 2018 | Petroleum Exploration and Development2018，45，4： | 4 |
| 20 | Geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China显示文摘Based on the examination of the global researches on oil and gas provinces and large gas fields and the analysis of the features,attributes and distribution of large gas provinces and gas fields,this paper puts forward three indicators of determining large oil and gas provinces:spatial indicator,reservoir-forming indicator and resource indicator.It classifies the gas accumulated areas and large gas provinces in China and analyzes the controlling factors on the distribution of large gas provinces and large gas fields:the lateral distribution is mainly controlled by high-energy sedimentary facies and constructive diagenetic facies,palaeo-highs and their periclinal zones,deep faults,etc,and the vertical distribution is mainly controlled by unconformities,series of evaporates and deep low-velocity highly-conductive beds,etc.It also reveals the main geological characteristics of large gas provinces and large gas fields in China.Large gas fields in four-type basins have their own characteristics and onland large gas fields are dominantly developed in foreland basins and craton basins;there are three types of gas sources,of which,coal is the main source with high gas generating intensity and varying origins;reservoir rocks of the large gas fields(provinces)are of various types and dominated generally by low-middle permeability and porosity pore-type reservoirs;structural traps and litho-stratigraphic traps coexist in Chinese large gas fields and form dense high abundance and large-area low and middle-abundance large gas fields;most of the large gas fields have late hydrocarbon-generation peaks and reservoir formation,and experienced the process of multiple-stage charging and late finalization; large gas provinces(fields)have good sealing and preservation conditions,and evaporates seals are largely developed in large and extra-large gas fields.This paper intends to shed light on the exploration and development of large gas fields(provinces)through analyzing their geological characteristics. | ZOU CaiNeng &TAO ShiZhen Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development,PetroChina,Beijing 100083,China | 2008 | Science China Earth Sciences2008，51，S1： | 4 |
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