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| 1 | Complexity of vitamin E metabolism显示文摘Bioavailability of vitamin E is influenced by several factors, most are highlighted in this review. While gender, age and genetic constitution influence vitamin E bioavailability but cannot be modified, life-style and intake of vitamin E can be. Numerous factors must be taken into account however, i.e., when vitamin E is orally administrated, the food matrix may contain competing nutrients. The complex metabolic processes comprise intestinal absorption, vascular transport, hepatic sorting by intracellular binding proteins, such as the significant α-tocopherol-transfer protein, and hepatic metabolism. The coordinated changes involved in the hepatic metabolism of vitamin E provide an effective physiological pathway to protect tissues against the excessive accumulation of, in particular, non-α-tocopherol forms. Metabolism of vitamin E begins with one cycle of CYP4F2/CYP3A4-dependent ω-hydroxylation followed by five cycles of subsequent β-oxidation, and forms the water-soluble end-product carboxyethylhydroxychroman. All known hepatic metabolites can be conjugated and are excreted, depending on the length of their sidechain, either via urine or feces. The physiological handling of vitamin E underlies kinetics which vary between the different vitamin E forms. Here, saturation of the side-chain and also substitution of the chromanol ring system are important. Most of the metabolic reactions and processes that are involved with vitamin E are also shared by other fat soluble vitamins. Influencing interactions with other nutrients such as vitamin K or pharmaceuticals are also covered by this review. All these processes modulate the formation of vitamin E metabolites and their concentrations in tissues and body fluids. Differences in metabolism might be responsible for the discrepancies that have been observed in studies performed in vivo and in vitro using vitamin E as a supplement or nutrient. To evaluate individual vitamin E status, the analytical procedures used for detecting and quantifying vitamin E and its metabolites are crucial. The latest methods in analytics are presented. | Lisa Schmolz Marc Birringer Stefan Lorkowski Maria Wallert | 2016 | World Journal of Biological Chemistry2016，7，1： | 3 |
| 2 | Physica statues solid 显示文摘 | Nan C W Birringer R W Gao H B | 1997 | Applied Research1997，162，： | 2 |
| 3 | Nanocrystalline materials,An approach to a novel solid structure with gas-like disorder?显示文摘 | GLEITER H | 1984 | Physics Letters1984，102，8： | 1 |
| 4 | Temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy of ceria-and Cu/Ceria-supported oxide catalyst显示文摘 | P Zimmer A Tschope R Birringer | 2003 | Journal of Catalysis2003，，205： | 1 |
| 5 | Regulatory metabolites of vitamin E and their putative relevance for atherogenesis显示文摘 | Maria Wallert Lisa Schm?lz Francesco Galli Marc Birringer Stefan Lorkowski | 2014 | Redox Biology2014，，： | 1 |
| 6 | Ceramics Ductile at Low Temperature显示文摘 | Karch J Birringer R Gleiter H | 1987 | Nature1987，330，： | 1 |
| 7 | 显示文摘 | Birringer R | 1984 | Phys Lett1984，102，8： | 1 |
| 8 | Ceramics ductile at low temperature 显示文摘 | Karch J Birringer R Gleiter H | 1987 | Nature1987，330，6148： | 1 |
| 9 | Nanocrystalline Fe-Si phase by mechanical attrition and its soft magnetic properties 显示文摘 | M Li Birringer R Johnson W L | 1993 | Nanostruct Mater1993，3，： | 1 |
| 10 | Chemical speeiation influences comparative activity of selenium enriched garlic and yeast in mam 2 mary cancer prevention 显示文摘 | Ip C Birringer M Block E | 2000 | Agr Food Chem2000，48，： | 1 |
| 11 | Nanomaterialsandnanocrystallinematerlals显示文摘 | Gleiter I-I Birringer R | 1984 | PhysLett1984，102，8： | 1 |
| 12 | Nanocrystalline materials an approach to a novel solid structure with gas- like disorder 显示文摘 | Birringer R Gleiter H Klein HP | 1984 | Phys Lett A1984，102，8： | 1 |
| 13 | α‐Tocopherol long‐chain metabolite α‐13’‐COOH affects the inflammatory response of lipopolysaccharide‐activated murine RAW264.7 macrophages显示文摘 | Maria Wallert Lisa Schm?lz Andreas Koeberle Verena Krauth Michael Glei Francesco Galli Oliver Werz Marc Birringer Stefan Lorkowski | 2015 | Mol. Nutr. Food Res2015，，： | 1 |
| 14 | Nanocrystalline materials an approach to a novel solid structure with gas-like disorder显示文摘 | BIRRINGER R GLEITER H KLEIN H P MARQUARDT P | 1984 | Physics Letters A1984，102，8： | 1 |
| 15 | Nanocryst a-lline materias an approach to a novel solid structure with gas-like disorder 显示文摘 | BIRRINGER R GLEITER H KLEIN H P | 1984 | Phys Lett1984，102，8： | 1 |
| 16 | Nanocrystalling materials--a first report显示文摘 | Birringer R Herr U Gleiter H | 1986 | Suppl Trans Japan Inst Met1986，27，： | 1 |
| 17 | Determining the Kapitza resistance and the thermal conductivity of polycrystals: A simple model显示文摘 | Nan C W Birringer R | 1998 | Physical Review B (Condensed Matter and Materials Physics)1998，57，14： | 1 |
| 18 | Proapoptotic effects of long-chain vitamin E metabolites in HepG2 cells are mediated by oxidative stress显示文摘 | Marc Birringer Dennis Lington Silvia Vertuani Stefano Manfredini Daniel Scharlau Michael Glei Michael Ristow | 2010 | Free Radical Biology and Medicine2010，，： | 1 |
| 19 | Ceramics Ductile at Low Temperature显示文摘 | KARCH J BIRRINGER R GLEITER H | 1987 | Nature1987，330，10： | 1 |
| 20 | On effect of particle size distribution on the elastic/plastic deformation of metal matrix composites显示文摘 | Nan C W Birringer R Gleiter | 1997 | Scr Mater1997，37，7： | 1 |
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