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| 1 | Carcinoma of the stomach: A review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, molecular genetics and chemoprevention显示文摘Carcinoma of the stomach is still the second most common cause of cancer death worldwide, although the incidence and mortality have fallen dramatically over the last 50 years in many regions. The incidence of gastric cancer varies in different parts of the world and among various ethnic groups. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, the 5-year survival rate of stomach cancer is only 20 per cent. Stomach cancer can be classified into intestinal and diffuse types based on epidemiological and clinicopathological features. The etiology of gastric cancer is multifactorial and includes both dietary and nondietary factors. The major diet-related risk factors implicated in stomach cancer development include high content of nitrates and high salt intake. Accumulating evidence has implicated the role of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. The development of gastric cancer is a complex, multistep process involving multiple genetic and epigenetic alterations of oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, DNA repair genes, cell cycle regulators, and signaling molecules. A plausible program for gastric cancer prevention involves intake of a balanced diet containing fruits and vegetables, improved sanitationand hygiene, screening and treatment of H. pylori infection, and follow-up of precancerous lesions. The fact that diet plays an important role in the etiology of gastric cancer offers scope for nutritional chemoprevention. Animal models have been extensively used to analyze the stepwise evolution of gastric carcinogenesis and to test dietary chemopreventive agents. Development of multitargeted preventive and therapeutic strategies for gastric cancer is a major challenge for the future. | Siddavaram Nagini | 2012 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2012，4，7： | 87 |
| 2 | Pathogenesis and clinical management of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection显示文摘Helicobacter pylori(H.pylori)is a gram-negative bacterium that infects approximately 4.4 billion individuals worldwide.However,its prevalence varies among different geographic areas,and is influenced by several factors.The infection can be acquired by means of oral-oral or fecal-oral transmission,and the pathogen possesses various mechanisms that improve its capacity of mobility,adherence and manipulation of the gastric microenvironment,making possible the colonization of an organ with a highly acidic lumen.In addition,H.pylori presents a large variety of virulence factors that improve its pathogenicity,of which we highlight cytotoxin associated antigen A,vacuolating cytotoxin,duodenal ulcer promoting gene A protein,outer inflammatory protein and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase.The host immune system,mainly by means of a Th1-polarized response,also plays a crucial role in the infection course.Although most H.pylori-positive individuals remain asymptomatic,the infection predisposes the development of various clinical conditions as peptic ulcers,gastric adenocarcinomas and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas.Invasive and non-invasive diagnostic methods,each of them with their related advantages and limitations,have been applied in H.pylori detection.Moreover,bacterial resistance to antimicrobial therapy is a major challenge in the treatment of this infection,and new therapy alternatives are being tested to improve H.pylori eradication.Last but not least,the development of effective vaccines against H.pylori infection have been the aim of several research studies. | Breno Bittencourt de Brito Filipe Ant?nio Fran?a da Silva Aline Silva Soares Vinícius Afonso Pereira Maria Luísa Cordeiro Santos Mariana Miranda Sampaio Pedro Henrique Moreira Neves Fabrício Freire de Melo | 2019 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2019，25，37： | 84 |
| 3 | Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer显示文摘Cancer of the pancreas remains one of the deadliest cancer types. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates, pancreatic cancer causes more than 331000 deaths per year, ranking as the seventh leading cause of cancer death in both sexes together. Globally, about 338000 people had pancreatic cancer in 2012, making it the 11^(th) most common cancer. The highest incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer are found in developed countries. Trends for pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality varied considerably in the world. A known cause of pancreatic cancer is tobacco smoking. This risk factor is likely to explain some of the international variations and gender differences. The overall five-year survival rate is about 6%(ranges from 2% to 9%), but this vary very small between developed and developing countries. To date, the causes of pancreatic cancer are still insufficiently known, although certain risk factors have been identified, such as smoking, obesity, genetics, diabetes, diet, inactivity. There are no current screening recommendations for pancreatic cancer, so primary prevention is of utmost importance. A better understanding of the etiology and identifying the risk factors is essential for the primary prevention of this disease. | Milena Ilic Irena Ilic | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，44： | 95 |
| 4 | Helicobacter pylori infection and risk of gastric cancer in Changle County,Fujian Province,China显示文摘AIM To evaluate the effects of Helicobacterpylori infection and other environmental factorson the development of gastric cancer.METHODS A population-based case-controlstudy was conducted in Changle County,FujianProvince.The primary gastric cancer cases werehistologically confirmed or diagnosed by surgerybetween,January 1996 and March 1998.Healthycontrols were randomly selected and matched byage,sex,and neighborhood of residence.Atotal of 101 pairs were included in the study.Specially trained interviewers conducted face-to-face interviews with the subjects according toa standardized questionnaire.Helicobacterpylori infections were measured by serum IgGantibody to Helicobacter pylori.ConditionalLogistic Regression analysis was used.RESULTS The presence of IgG antibody toHelicobacter pylori was 63.7% in studysubjects,56.0% in patients with cardiac cancer,and 60.5% in patients with non-cardiac gastriccancer.The risk factors of gastric cancer inChangle County were identified such as loweducational level[OR=3.864;95% confidenceinterval(95% CI)1.604-9.311],lowconsumption of fresh vegetables(OR=4.925;95%Cl 1.356-17.885),high intake of fish sauce(OR=10.587;95% Cl 2.821-39.738),unscheduled meals(OR=4.254;95%Cl 1.445- 12.552),and Helicobacter pylori infection(OR=3.453;95%Cl 0.901-13.224).CONCLUSION Helicobacter pylori infectionmay be important in the etiology of gastriccancer,but major risk factors other thanHelicobacter pylori are responsible for the highgastric morbidity in Changle County. | Lin Cai Shun Zhang Yu Zuo Feng Zhang | 2000 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2000，6，3： | 74 |
| 5 | Risk factors for cervical lymph node metastasis in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: a study of 1,587 patients显示文摘Objective: The purposes of this study were to identify risk factors for cervical lymph node metastasis and to examine the association between BRAF^(V600E) status and clinical features in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma(PTMC).Methods: A total of 1,587 patients with PTMC, treated in Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital from January2011 to March 2013, underwent retrospective analysis. We reviewed and analyzed factors including clinical results, pathology records, ultrasound results, and BRAF^(V600E) status.Results: Multivariate logistic regression analyses demonstrated that gender(male) [odds ratio(OR) = 1.845, P = 0.000], age(< 45 years)(OR = 1.606, P = 0.000), tumor size(> 6 mm)(OR = 2.137, P = 0.000), bilateralism(OR = 2.011, P = 0.000) and extrathyroidal extension(OR = 1.555, P = 0.001) served as independent predictors of central lymph node metastasis(CLNM).Moreover, CLNM(OR = 29.354, P = 0.000) served as an independent predictor of lateral lymph node metastasis(LLNM). Among patients with a solitary primary tumor, those with tumor location in the lower third of the thyroid lobe or the isthmus were more likely to experience CLNM(P < 0.05). Univariate analyses indicated that CLNM, LLNM, extrathyroidal extension, and multifocality were not significantly associated with BRAF^(V600E) mutation.Conclusions: The present study suggested that prophylactic neck dissection of the central compartment should be considered in patients with PTMC, particularly in men with tumor size greater than 6 mm, age less than 45 years, extrathyroidal extension, and tumor bilaterality. Among patients with PTMC, BRAF^(V600E) mutation is not significantly associated with prognostic factors. For a better understanding of surgical management of PTMC and the risk factors, we recommend multicenter research and long-term follow-up. | Xiangqian Zheng Chen Peng Ming Gao Jingtai Zhi Xiukun Hou Jingzhu Zhao Xi Wei Jiadong Chi Dapeng Li Biyun Qian | 2019 | Cancer Biology & Medicine2019，16，1： | 54 |
| 6 | Gallstone recurrence after successful percutaneous cholecystolithotomy:a 10-year follow-up of 439 cases显示文摘BACKGROUND: Stone recurrence is a major problem in the medication of gallstones with gallbladder preservation. The aim of this study was to determine the long-term recurrence rate of gallstones and the clinical outcome after successful percutaneous cholecystolithotomy (PCCL) treatment, and to investigate the possible risk factors for gallstone recurrence. METHODS: After successful PCCL for gallstones, 439 patients were followed up during a 10-year period. The long-term gallstone recurrence rate and clinical outcome were evaluated. Risk factors associated with stone recurrence were identified. RESULTS: Gallstone recurrence was detected in 182 of 439 PCCL patients, giving an overall recurrence rate of 41.46%. The cumulative gallstone recurrence rate for each of the 10 post-operative years was 9.57%, 18.91%, 27.33%, 34.14%, 37.59%, 39.86%, 41.90%, 42.73%, 42.85%, and 43.21%, respectively. Among these recurrent patients, 94 were asymptomatic, 80 suffered from nonspecific upper gastrointestinal symptoms and 8 suffered from abdominal pain or biliary colic. Thirty-eight of the 182 patients were retreated with cholecystectomy. The risk factors for stone recurrence included a family history of gallstones, preference for fatty food, accompanying liver disease, multiple stones and poor gallbladder function pre-PCCL. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, the overall recurrence rate of gallstone was 41.46% during a 10-year period. The highest frequency of gallstone recurrence was during the 5th to 6th postoperative years and then continued to slowly increase. Risk factors for stone recurrence varied.We suggest that the use of PCCL in patients with gallstones should be considered carefully because of stone recurrence. | Zou, Yi-Ping Du, Ji-Dong Li, Wei-Min Xiao, Yin-Qi Xu, Hong-Bin Zheng, Fang Huang, Hui Liu, Hao-Run Li, Hu-Cheng | 2007 | Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Diseases International2007，6，2： | 43 |
| 7 | Solid-state fermentation of corn-soybean meal mixed feed with Bacillus subtilis and Enterococcus faecium for degrading antinutritional factors and enhancing nutritional value显示文摘Background: Corn and soybean meal(SBM) are two of the most common feed ingredients used in pig feeds.However, a variety of antinutritional factors(ANFs) present in corn and SBM can interfere with the bioavailability of nutrients and have negative health effects on the pigs. In the present study, two-stage fermentation using Bacillus subtilis followed by Enterococcus faecium was carried out to degrade ANFs and improve the nutritional quality of corn and SBM mixed feed. Furthermore, the microbial composition and in vitro nutrient digestibility of inoculated mixed feed were determined and compared those of the uninoculated controls.Results: During the fermentation process, B. subtilis and lactic acid bacteria(LAB) were the main dominant bacteria in the solid-state fermented inoculated feed, and fermentation produced a large amount of lactic acid(170 mmo L/kg),which resulted in a lower pH(5.0 vs. 6.4) than the fermented uninoculated feed. The amounts of soybean antigenic proteins(β-conglycinin and glycinin) in mixed feed were significantly decreased after first-stage fermentation with B. subtilis. Inoculated mixed feed following two-stage fermentation contained greater concentratioin of crude protein(CP), ash and total phosphorus(P) compared to uninoculated feed, whereas the concentrations of neutral detergent fiber(NDF), hemicellulose and phytate P in fermendted inoculated feed declined(P < 0.05) by 38%, 53%, and 46%,respectively. Notably, the content of trichloroacetic acid soluble protein(TCA-SP), particularly that of small peptides and free amino acids(AA), increased 6.5 fold following two-stage fermentation. There was no difference in the total AA content between fermented inoculated and uninoculated feed. However, aromatic AAs(Phe and Tyr) and Lys in inoculated feed increased, and some polar AAs, including Arg, Asp, and Glu, decreased compared with the uninoculated feed. In vitro dry matter and CP digestibility of inoculated feed improved(P < 0.05) compared with the uninoculated feed.Conclusions: Our results suggest that two-stage fermentation using B. subtilis followed by E. faecium is an effective approach to improve the quality of corn-soybean meal mixed feed. | Changyou Shi Yu Zhang Zeqing Lu Yizhen Wang | 2017 | Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology2017，8，4： | 44 |
| 8 | Prevalence of and risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a Chinese population: An 8-year follow-up study显示文摘AIM: To investigate the prevalence of and risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD) in a Chinese population.METHODS: A total of 1948 adults from China was followed for 8 years. A cross-sectional study was performed to investigate the prevalence of NAFLD at baseline, and then the participants were followed for 8 years to investigate risk factors for the development of NAFLD.RESULTS: A total of 1948 participants were enrolled at baseline, of whom 691 were diagnosed with NAFLD. During the 8-year follow-up, 337 baseline NAFLD-free participants developed NAFLD. They had a greaterincrease in body mass index(BMI), serum uric acid, fasting plasma glucose, very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and a considerable decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. 123 participants who had NAFLD at baseline lost NAFLD during the 8-year follow-up period. They had a greater decrease in BMI, fasting plasma glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase.CONCLUSION: NAFLD is prevalent in Chinese population with a rapidly increasing tendency. It can be reversed when patients lose their weight, control their hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia, and reduce the liver enzyme levels. | Zhen-Ya Lu Zhou Shao Ya-Li Li Muhuyati Wulasihan Xin-Hua Chen | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，13： | 42 |
| 9 | Portal vein thrombosis in liver cirrhosis显示文摘Portal vein thrombosis(PVT) is considered to be a frequent complication of liver cirrhosis. However, unlike PVT in patients without cirrhosis, very few data are available on the natural history and management of PVT in cirrhosis, despite its association with potentially life-threatening conditions, such as gastroesophageal bleeding and acute intestinal ischemia. Moreover, no consensus regarding PVT in cirrhosis exists. Suggested causes of PVT in cirrhosis include reduced portal blood flow velocity, multiple congenital or acquired thrombophilic factors, inherited or acquired conditions, and derangement of liver architecture. However, the understanding of PVT in cirrhosis is incomplete. In addition, information on the management of PVT in cirrhosis is inadequate. The aims of this review are to:(1) assemble data on the physiopathological mechanism, clinical findings, diagnosis and management of PVT in cirrhosis;(2) describe the principal factors most frequently involved in PVT development; and(3) summarize the recent knowledge concerning diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. | Nao Kinjo Hirofumi Kawanaka Tomohiko Akahoshi Yoshi-hiro Matsumoto Masahiro Kamori Yoshihiro Nagao Naotaka Hashimoto Hideo Uehara Morimasa Tomikawa Ken Shirabe Yoshihiko Maehara | 2014 | World Journal of Hepatology2014，6，2： | 38 |
| 10 | Clinical implication of VEGF serum levels in cirrhotic patients with or without portal hypertension显示文摘INTRODUCTIONAngiogenesisorformationofnewbloodvesels,isatightlyregulatedprocesinwhichbloodveselssupplygrowingtisuewithnutrient... | Nimer Assy 1,4 , M Paizi 3,4 , D Gaitini 2, Y Baruch 1,4 and G Spira 3,4,5 | 1999 | World Journal of Gastroenterology1999，5，4： | 35 |
| 11 | Gastrointestinal radiation injury:Symptoms,risk factors and mechanisms显示文摘Ionising radiation therapy is a common treatment modality for different types of cancer and its use is expected to increase with advances in screening and early detection of cancer.Radiation injury to the gastrointestinal tract is important factor working against better utility of this important therapeutic modality.Cancer survivors can suffer a wide variety of acute and chronic symptoms following radiotherapy,which significantly reduces their quality of life as well as adding an extra burden to the cost of health care.The accurate diagnosis and treatment of intestinal radiation injury often represents a clinical challenge to practicing physicians in both gastroenterology and oncology.Despite the growing recognition of the problem and some advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of radiation injury,relatively little is known about the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal radiation injury or any possible susceptibility factors that could aggravate its severity.The aims of this review are to examine the various clinical manifestations of post-radiation gastrointestinal symptoms,to discuss possible patient and treatment factors implicated in normal gastrointestinal tissue radiosensitivity and to outline different mechanisms of intestinal tissue injury. | Abobakr K Shadad Frank J Sullivan Joseph D Martin Laurence J Egan | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，2： | 35 |
| 12 | Prevalence of and risk factors for gallstones in Uighur and Han Chinese显示文摘AIM:To perform a single-centre survey of the prevalence of and possible risk factors for gallstones in Uighur and Han Chinese.METHODS:Complete medical data for 9455 patients were collected from the medical centre of our hospital,and the overall prevalence of gallstones as well as the prevalence in different ethnic groups was studied.The risk factors for gallstones in different ethnic groups were identified in a univariate analysis,and variables with statistical significance were analysed by unconditional multiple logistic regression,to primarily explore the similarities and differences in gallstone risk factors between different ethnic groups.RESULTS:The prevalence of gallstones was significantly higher in the Uighur population than in the Hanpopulation(22.87%vs 11.64%,P<0.05).Further analysis of risk factors for gallstones based on the different ethnic areas revealed that age was a risk factor for gallstones in both groups;triglycerides,body-mass index(BMI)and high-density lipoprotein were risk factors for gallstones in the Han population,while total cholesterol(TC),gender and fatty liver were risk factors in the Uighur population.The Uighur patients were older than the Han patients,and had higher BMI,TC,low-density lipoprotein,female rate and fatty liver rate,while the incidence of hypertension was lower than that in the Han patients.CONCLUSION:The prevalence of and risk factors for gallstones differ between the Uighur and Han populations. | Li Zhu Aikebaier Aili Cheng Zhang Aili Saiding Kelimu Abudureyimu Xinjiang Medical University | 2014 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2014，20，40： | 39 |
| 13 | Reduction of tumorigenicity of SMMC-7721 hepatoma cells by vascular endothelial growth factor antisense gene therapy显示文摘AIM To test the hypothesis to block VEGFexpression of SMMC-7721 hepatoma cells mayinhibit tumor growth using the rat hepatomamodel.METHODS Amplifiy the 200 VEGF cDNAfragment and insert it into human U6 genecassette in the reverse orientation transcribingsmall antisense RNA which could specificallyinteract with VEGF165, and VEGF121 mRNA.Construct the retroviral vector containing thisantisense VEGF U6 cassette and package thereplication-deficient recombinant retrovirus.SMMC-7721 cells were transduced with thesevirus and positive clones were selected withG418. PCR and Southern blot analysis wereperformed to determine if U6 cassette integratedinto the genomic DNA of positive clone.Transfected tumor cells were evaluated for RNAexpression by ribonuclease protection assays.The VEGF protein in the supernatant of parentaltumor cells and genetically modified tumor cellswas determined with ELISA. In vitro and in vivogrowth properties of antisense VEGF cell clonein nude mice were analyzed.RESULTS Restriction enzyme digestion andPCR sequencing verified that the antisense VEGFRNA retroviral vector was successfullyconstructed. After G418 selection, resistantSMMC-7721 cell clone was picked up. PCR andSouthern blot analysis suggested that U6cassette was integrated into the cell genomicDNA. Stable SMMC-7721 cell clone transducedwith U6 antisense RNA cassette could express200bp small antisense VEGF RNA and secretereduced levels of VEGF in culture condition.Production of VEGF by antisense transgeneexpressing cells was 65 ± 10 ng / L per 106 cells,420 ± 45 ng/L per 106 cells in sense group and 485± 30 ng/L per 106 cells in the negative control group, (P<0.05). The antisense-VEGF cell clone appeared phenotypically indistinguishable from SMMC-7721 cells and SMMC-7721 cells transfected sense VEGF. The growth rate of the antisense-VEGF cell clone was the same as the control cells. When S. C. was implanted into nude mice, growth of antisense-VEGF cell lines was greatly inhibited compared with control cells.CONCLUSION Expression of antisense VEGFRNA in SMMC-7721 cells could decrease thetumorigenicity, and antisense-VEGF genetherapy may be an adjuvant treatment forhepatoma. | Yu Cheng Tang Yu Li Guan Xiang Qian Department of Biochemistry, Shanghai Second Medical University, Shanghai 200025, China | 2001 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2001，7，1： | 33 |
| 14 | Prediction of risk factors for lymph node metastasis in early gastric cancer显示文摘AIM:To explore risk factors for lymph node metastases in early gastric cancer(EGC) and to confirm the appropriate range of lymph node dissection.METHODS:A total of 202 patients with EGC who underwent curative gastrectomy with lymphadenectomy in the Department of Surgery,Xinhua Hospital and Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical School between November 2003 and July 2009,were retrospectively reviewed.Both the surgical procedure and the extent of lymph node dissection were based on the recommendations of the Japanese gastric cancer treatment guidelines.The macroscopic type was classified as elevated(type Ⅰ or Ⅱa),flat(Ⅱb),or depressed(Ⅱc or Ⅲ).Histopathologically,papillary and tubular adenocarcinomas were grouped together as differentiated adenocarcinomas,and poorly differentiated and signet-ring cell adenocarcinomas were regarded as undifferentiated adenocarcinomas.Univariate and multivariate analyses of lymph node metastases and patient and tumor characteristics were undertaken.RESULTS:The lymph node metastases rate in patients with EGC was 14.4%.Among these,the rate for mucosal cancer was 5.4%,and 8.9% for submucosal cancer.Univariate analysis showed an obvious correlation between lymph node metastases and tumor location,depth of invasion,morphological classification and venous invasion(χ 2 = 122.901,P = 0.001;χ 2 = 7.14,P = 0.008;χ 2 = 79.523,P = 0.001;χ 2 = 8.687,P = 0.003,respectively).In patients with submucosal cancers,the lymph node metastases rate in patients with venous invasion(60%,3/5) was higher than in those without invasion(20%,15/75)(χ 2 = 4.301,P = 0.038).Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the depth of invasion was the only independent risk factor for lymph node metastases in EGC [P = 0.018,Exp(B) = 2.744].Among the patients with lymph node metastases,29 cases(14.4%) were at N1,seven cases were at N2(3.5%),and two cases were at N3(1.0%).Univariate analysis of variance revealed a close relationship between the depth of invasion and lymph node metastases at pN 1(P = 0.008).CONCLUSION:The depth of invasion was the only independent risk factor for lymph node metastases.Risk factors for metastases should be considered when choosing surgery for EGC. | Gang Ren Rong Cai Wen-Jie Zhang Jin-Ming Ou Ye-Ning Jin Wen-Hua Li | 2013 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2013，19，20： | 31 |
| 15 | 中国CO_2排放量变化的影响因素分解研究——基于改进的Kaya等式与LMDI分解法显示文摘基于改进的Kaya等式和LMDI分解法,对1990~2008年间中国CO2排放量变动的影响因素进行效应测算与贡献率分析,研究表明:CO2排放量变动的影响因素可以分解为排放强度效应、能源强度效应、经济效应和人口效应;经济效应和人口效应刺激CO2排放量增长,排放强度效应和能源强度效应抑制CO2排放量增长,但这种抑制作用难以抵销由经济效应拉动的CO2排放量的增长。最后,结合实证研究结果,提出相应的政策性建议。 | 赵奥 武春友 | 2010 | 软科学2010，24，12： | 32 |
| 16 | Cardiovascular risk factors for acute stroke: Risk profiles in the different subtypes of ischemic stroke显示文摘Timely diagnosis and control of cardiovascular risk factors is a priority objective for adequate primary and secondary prevention of acute stroke. Hypertension, atrial fibrillation and diabetes mellitus are the most common risk factors for acute cerebrovascular events, although novel risk factors, such as sleep-disordered breathing, inflammatory markers or carotid intima-media thickness have been identified. However, the cardiovascular risk factors profile differs according to the different subtypes of ischemic stroke. Atrial fibrillation and ischemic heart disease are more frequent in patients with cardioembolic infarction, hypertension and diabetes in patients with lacunar stroke, and vascular peripheral disease, hypertension, diabetes, previous transient ischemic attack and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients with atherothrombotic infarction. This review aims to present updated data on risk factors for acute ischemic stroke as well as to describe the usefulness of new and emerging vascular risk factors in stroke patients. | Adrià Arboix | 2015 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2015，3，5： | 29 |
| 17 | Moxibustion regulates inflammatory mediators and colonic mucosal barrier in ulcerative colitis rats显示文摘AIM: To observe the efficacy and mechanism of grainsized moxibustion at different acupoints in a rat model of ulcerative colitis(UC). METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into control, UC model, grain-sized moxibustion at a single acupoint(CV 12), grain-sized moxibustion at two acupoints(CV 12 and CV 4), grain-sized moxibustion at three acupoints(CV 12, CV 4, and ST 36), and medication groups(n = 8/group). The UC model was established by enema of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid. Direct moxibustion was used once a day for 7 d. Disease activity index(DAI) was evaluated before and after the treatment. Morphologic changes of intestinal tissue were observed under an optical microscope. The expression of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase(p38MAPK) in colonic tissue was detected using Western blot, and the levels of occludin and zonula occludens-1(ZO-1) m RNAs were detected using reverse transcription PCR. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, the intestinal mucosae were incomplete in the model group, glandular structures were irregular, and submucosae were edematous, hyperemic, and infiltrated with inflammatory cells. The DAI scores and expression ofTNF-α and p38 MAPK were increased significantly in the model group compared to controls(P s < 0.01), while the m RNA levels of occludin and ZO-1 were reduced significantly(P s < 0.01). Compared with the model group, colonic mucosa and the arrangement of glands were complete and regular in the treatment groups. DAI scores and the expression of TNF-α and p38 MAPK were reduced significantly in moxibustion groups compared to controls(P s < 0.01), while the m RNA levels of occludin and ZO-1 were increased significantly(P s < 0.01). The improvements in the above indices in the three acupoints group and the medication group were superior to those in the single and two acupoints groups(all P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Reduction of TNF-α and p38 MAPK and increased expression of occludin and ZO-1 in colonic tissue represent a potential mechanism for improved intestinal mucosal tissue repair with grain-sized moxibustion. | Tie-Ming Ma Na Xu Xian-De Ma Zeng-Hua Bai Xing Tao Hong-Chi Yan | 2016 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2016，22，8： | 30 |
| 18 | Evolution,current status and advances in application of platelet concentrate in periodontics and implantology显示文摘Platelet concentrates(PC) [platelet-rich plasma(PRP) and platelet-rich fibrin(PRF)] are frequently used for surgical procedures in medical and dental fields,particularly in oral and maxillofacial surgery,plastic surgery and sports medicine.The objective of all these technologies is to extract all the elements from a blood sample that could be used to improve healing and promote tissue regeneration.Although leukocyte rich and leukocyte poor PRP's have their own place in literature,the importance of non-platelet components in a platelet concentrate remains a mystery.PC have come a long way since its first appearance in 1954 to the T-PRF,A-PRF and i-PRF introduced recently.These PC find varied applications successfully in periodontics and implant dentistry as well.However,the technique of preparation,standing time,transfer process,temperature of centrifuge,vibration,etc.,are the various factors for the mixed results reported in the literature.Until the introduction of a proper classification of terminologies,the PC were known by different names in different countries and by different commercial companies which also created a lot of confusion.This review intends to clarify all these confusion by briefing the exact evolution of PC,their preparation techniques,recent advances and their various clinical and technical aspects and applications. | Amit Arvind Agrawal | 2017 | World Journal of Clinical Cases2017，5，5： | 28 |
| 19 | Follow-up of intestinal metaplasia in the stomach: When, how and why显示文摘Gastric cancer remains the second most frequent cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. Screening programs in some Asian countries are impractical in the majority of other countries worldwide. Therefore, follow-up of precancerous lesions is advisable for secondary gastric cancer prevention. Intestinal metaplasia (IM) is recognized as a precancerous lesion for gastric cancer, increasing the risk by 6-fold. IM is highly prevalent in the general population, being detected in nearly 1 of every 4 patients undergoing upper endoscopy. The IM prevalence rate is significantly higher in patients with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection, in first-degree relatives of gastric cancer patients, in smokers and it increases with patient age. IM is the 'breaking point' in the gastric carcinogenesis cascade and does not appear to regress following H. pylori eradication, although the cure of infection may slow its progression. Gastric cancer risk is higher in patients with incomplete-type IM, in those with both antral and gastric body involvement, and the risk significantly increases with IM extension over 20% of the gastric mucosa. Scheduled endoscopic control could be cost-effective in IM patients, depending on the yearly incidence of gastric cancer in IM patients, the stage of gastric cancer at diagnosis discovered at surveillance, and the cost of endoscopy. As a pragmatic behavior, yearly endoscopic control would appear justified in all IM patients with at least one of these conditions: (1) IM extension > 20%; (2) the presence of incomplete type IM; (3) first-degree relative of gastric cancer patients; and (4) smokers. In the remaining IM patients, a less intensive (2-3 years) could be proposed. | Angelo Zullo Cesare Hassan Adriana Romiti Michela Giusto Carmine Guerriero Roberto Lorenzetti Salvatore MA Campo Silverio Tomao | 2012 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology2012，4，3： | 25 |
| 20 | Epithelial-mesenchymal transition- activating transcription factors- multifunctional regulators in cancer显示文摘The process of epithelial to mesenchymal transition(EMT), first noted during embryogenesis, has also been reported in tumor formation and leads to the development of metastatic growth. It is a naturally occurring process that drives the transformation of adhesive,non-mobile epithelial like cells into mobile cells with a mesenchymal phenotype that have ability to migrate to distant anatomical sites. Activating complex network of embryonic signaling pathways, including Wnt, Notch,hedgehog and transforming growth factor-β pathways,lead to the upregulation of EMT activating transcription factors, crucial for normal tissue development and maintenance. However, deregulation of tightly regulated pathways affecting the process of EMT has been recently investigated in various human cancers. Given the critical role of EMT in metastatic tumor formation,better understanding of the mechanistic regulation provides new opportunities for the development of potential therapeutic targets of clinical importance. | Minal Garg | 2013 | World Journal of Stem Cells2013，5，4： | 26 |
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