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| 1 | Importance of Viral Disease in Dairy Cow Fertility显示文摘Many viral diseases are endemic in cattle populations worldwide. The ability of many viruses to cross the placenta and cause abortions and fetal malformations is well understood. There is also significant evidence that viral infections have additional actions in dairy cows, which are reflected in reduced conception rates. These effects are, however, highly dependent on the time at which an individual animal first contracts the disease and are less easy to quantify. This paper reviews the evidence relating to five viruses that can affect fertility, together with their potential mechanisms of action. Acute infection with non-cytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in mid-gestation increases abortion rates or causes the birth of persistently infected calves. BVDV infections closer to the time of breeding can have direct effects on the ovaries and uterine endometrium, which cause estrous cycle irregularities and early embryo mortality. Fertility may also be reduced by BVDV-induced immunosuppression, which increases the susceptibility to bacterial infections. Bovine herpesvirus (BHV)-1 is most common in pre-pubertal heifers, and can slow their growth, delay breeding, and increase the age at first calving. Previously infected animals subsequently show reduced fertility. Although this may be associated with lung damage, ovarian lesions have also been reported. Both BHV-1 and BHV-4 remain latent in the host following initial infection and may be reactivated later by stress, for example associated with calving and early lactation. While BHV-4 infection alone may not reduce fertility, it appears to act as a co-factor with established bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Trueperella pyogenes to promote the development of endometritis and delay uterine repair mechanisms after calving. Both Schmallenberg virus (SBV) and bluetongue virus (BTV) are transmitted by insect vectors and lead to increased abortion rates and congenital malformations.BTV-8 also impairs the development of hatched blastocysts;furthermore, infection around the time of breeding with either virus appears to reduce conception rates. Although the reductions in conception rates are often difficult to quantify, they are nevertheless sufficient to cause economic losses, which help to justify the benefits of vaccination and eradication schemes. | D.Claire Wathes Chike F.Oguejiofor Carole Thomas Zhangrui Cheng | 2020 | Engineering2020，6，1： | 8 |
| 2 | Air hygiene in a broiler house:eom-pari-sen of deep litter with raised netting floors显示文摘 | Theresa M M Wathes C M | 1989 | Brit PoultSci1989，30，： | 1 |
| 3 | Immunocytochern ical evidence for the presence of oxytocin and neurophysin in the large cells of the bovine corpus luteum 显示文摘 | Guldenaar S E F Wathes D C Pickering B T | 1984 | Cell Tissue Research1984，237，： | 1 |
| 4 | The effectof maternal undemutrition on ovine fetalgrowth 显示文摘 | OsgerbyJ C Wathes D C Howard D | 2002 | Journal of Endocrinology2002，，173： | 1 |
| 5 | Spectral sensitivity of the domestic fowl显示文摘 | Prescott N B Wathes C M | 1999 | British Poultry Science1999，40，： | 1 |
| 6 | The effect of ma-ternal underautrition on ovine fetal growth显示文摘 | OSGERBY J C ’ WATHES D C HOWARD D | 2002 | J Endocrinol2002，173，： | 1 |
| 7 | The effect of parenteral supplementation of vitamin E with selenium on the health and productivity of dair- y cattle in the UK 显示文摘 | BOURNE N WATHES D C LAWRENCE K E | 2008 | The Veterinary Journal2008，177，3： | 1 |
| 8 | The effect of linolenie acid on bovine ooeyte maturation and devel- opment 显示文摘 | Marei WF Wathes DC Fouladi- Nashta AA | 2009 | Biol Reprod2009，8，6： | 1 |
| 9 | Heifer fertility and carry over consequences for life time production in dairy and beef cattle显示文摘 | D. C. Wathes G. E. Pollott K. F. Johnson H. Richardson J. S. Cooke | 2014 | animal2014，，1： | 1 |
| 10 | Differences between primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in the inter-relationships between metabolic traits, milk yield and body condition score in the periparturient period显示文摘 | D.C. Wathes Z. Cheng N. Bourne V.J. Taylor M.P. Coffey S. Brotherstone | 2006 | Domestic Animal Endocrinology2006，，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Concentrations and emission rates of aerial ammonia,nitrous oxide,methane,carbon dioxide,dust and endotoxin in UK broiler and layer houses显示文摘 | Wathes C M Holden M R | 1997 | British-Poultry-Science1997，38，： | 1 |
| 12 | Relationship Governance in a Supply Chain Network显示文摘 | Keneth H Wathe Jan B Heide | 2004 | J of Marketing2004，68，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Negative energy balance alters global gene expression and immune responses in the uterus of postpartum dairy cows 显示文摘 | WATHES D C CHENG Z CHOWDHURY W | 2009 | Physiol Genomics2009，39，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Estimatingdormant and active hematopoietic stem cell kinetics throughextensive modeling of bromodeoxyuridine label-retaining celldynamics显示文摘 | van der Wath RC Wilson A Laurenti E | 2009 | PLoS One2009，4，9： | 1 |
| 15 | Concentrationsand emission rates of aerial ammonia,nitrous oxide,methane,carbon dioxide, dust and endotoxin in UK broiler and layerhouses显示文摘 | Wathes C M Holden M R Sneath R W | 1997 | British Poultry Science1997，38，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Concentrations and Emissions of Ammonia in Livestock Buildings in Northern Europe显示文摘 | P.W.G. Groot Koerkamp J.H.M. Metz G.H. Uenk V.R. Phillips M.R. Holden R.W. Sneath J.L. Short R.P.P. White J. Hartung J. Seedorf M. Schr?der K.H. Linkert S. Pedersen H. Takai J.O. Johnsen C.M. Wathes | 1998 | Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research1998，，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Follicular and luteal expression of insulin-like growth factors Ⅰ and Ⅱ and the type 1 IGF receptor in the bovine ovary显示文摘 | Perks C M Peters A R Wathes D C | 1999 | J Reprod Fertil1999，116，： | 1 |
| 18 | A comparison of the effects of parenteral and oral administration of supplemen tary vitamin E on plasma vitamin E concentrations in dairy cows at different stages of lactation显示文摘 | BOURNE N WATHES D C MCGOWAN M eta/ | | Livestock Science0，106，1： | 1 |
| 19 | The effect of maternal undernutrition on ovine fetal growth 显示文摘 | OSGERBY J C WATHES D C HOWARD D | 2002 | J EndocrinoI2002，173，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Separation of WPCBs by dissolution of brominated epoxy resins using DMSO and NMP: A comparative study显示文摘 | WATH S B KATARIYA M N SINGH S K | 2015 | Chemical Engineering Journal2015，280，： | 1 |
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