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| 1 | Dried-leaf Artemisia annua: A practical malaria therapeutic for developing countries?显示文摘Artemisinin from the plant Artemisia annua(A. annua) L., and used as artemisinin combination therapy(ACT), is the current best therapeutic for treating malaria, a disease that hits children and adults especially in developing countries. Traditionally, A. annua was used by the Chinese as a tea to treat 'fever'. More recently, investigators have shown that tea infusions and oral consumption of the dried leaves of the plant have prophylactic and therapeutic efficacy. The presence of a complex matrix of chemicals within the leaves seems to enhance both the bioavailability and efficacy of artemisinin. Although about 1000-fold less potent than artemisinin in their antiplasmodial activity, these plant chemicals are mainly small molecules that include other artemisinic compounds, terpenes(mainly mono and sesqui), flavonoids, and polyphenolic acids. In addition, polysaccharide constituents of A. annua may enhance bioavailability of artemisinin. Rodent pharmacokinetics showed longer T? and T max and greater C max and AUC in Plasmodium chabaudi-infected mice treated with A. annua dried leaves than in healthy mice. Pharmacokinetics of deoxyartemisinin, a liver metabolite of artemisinin, was more inhibited in infected than in healthy mice. In healthy mice, artemisinin serum levels were > 40-fold greater in dried leaf fed mice than those fed with pure artemisinin. Human trial data showed that when delivered as dried leaves, 40-fold less artemisinin was required to obtain a therapeutic response compared to pure artemisinin. ACTs are still unaffordable for many malaria patients, and cost estimates for A. annua dried leaf tablet production are orders of magnitude less than for ACT, despite improvements in the production capacity. Considering that for > 2000 years this plant was used in traditional Chinese medicine for treatment of fever with no apparent appearance of artemisinin drug resistance, the evidence argues for inclusion of affordable A. annua dried leaf tablets into the arsenal of drugs to combat malaria and other artemisinin-susceptible diseases. | Pamela J Weathers Melissa Towler Ahmed Hassanali Pierre Lutgen Patrick Ogwang Engeu | 2014 | World Journal of Pharmacology2014，3，4： | 2 |
| 2 | A dominant negative cadherin inhibits osteoblast differrentiation 显示文摘 | Cheng S L Shin C S Towler D A | 2000 | J Bone Miner Res2000，15，12： | 1 |
| 3 | Pay satisfaction and organizational outcomes显示文摘 | Currall S C Towler A J Judge T A Kohn L | 2005 | Personnel psychology2005，，58： | 1 |
| 4 | Redetermination of the Newtonian gravitational constant 显示文摘 | Luther G G Towler W R | 1982 | Phys Rev Lett1982，48，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Transcription of bone and cartilage genes显示文摘 | Sandell LJ Towler DA | 2002 | Orthop2002，13，5： | 1 |
| 6 | Assessment of visual outcome after cataract surgery in patients with uveitis显示文摘 | Okhravi N Lightman S L Towler H M | 1999 | Ophthalmology1999，106，： | 1 |
| 7 | Comparison of an experimental bone cement with surgical Simplex P,Spineplex and Cortoss显示文摘 | Boyd D Towler MR Wren A | 2008 | J Mater Sci Mater Med2008，19，4： | 1 |
| 8 | Analysis of refinery hydrogen distribution systems显示文摘 | ALVES J J TOWLER G P | 2002 | Ind Eng Chem Res2002，41，23： | 1 |
| 9 | Analysis of refinery hydrogen distribution systems 显示文摘 | Alves J J Towler G P | 2002 | Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research2002，41，23： | 1 |
| 10 | The regulation of valvular and vascular sclerosis by osteogenic morphogens显示文摘 | Bostrom KI Rajamannan NM Towler DA | 2011 | Circ Res2011，109，5： | 1 |
| 11 | Electronic structure of p-type conducting transparent oxides显示文摘 | Robertson J Peacock P W Towler M D | 2002 | Thin Solid Films2002，411，1： | 1 |
| 12 | Size matters:Cerebral volume influences sex differences in neuroanatomy显示文摘 | Leonard C.M Towler S Welcome S Halderman L.K Otto R Eckert M.A & Chiarello C | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 13 | Vascular calcification: The killer of patients with chronic kidney disease显示文摘 | Mizobuchi M Towler D Slatopolsky E | 2009 | J Am Soe Nephrol2009，20，7： | 1 |
| 14 | Severe slugging in flexible risers: re- view of experimental investigations and OLGA predictions显示文摘 | Mokhatab S Towler B F | 2007 | Petroleum Science and Technology2007，25，7： | 1 |
| 15 | Molecular mechanisms of vascular calcification:lessons learned from the aorta显示文摘 | Shao J S Cai J Towler D A | 2006 | Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol2006，26，7： | 1 |
| 16 | A systematic review of the effects of screening for colorectal cancer using the faecal occult blood test显示文摘 | Towler B P Irwig L Glasziou P | 1998 | Hemoccult BMJ1998，17，： | 1 |
| 17 | Production of mouse interleukin - 12 is greater in tobacco hairy roots grown in a mist reactor than in an airlift reactor 显示文摘 | Liu C Towler M J Mediano G et at | 2009 | Biotechnol Bioengineer2009，102，4： | 1 |
| 18 | Inflammation and the Osteogenic Regulation of Vascular Calcification: A Review and Perspective显示文摘 | Jian-Su Shao Su-Li Cheng Justin Sadhu Dwight A. Towler | 2010 | Hypertension2010，，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Analysis of refinery hydrogen distribution systems显示文摘 | Alves J J Towler G P | 2002 | Ind Eng Chem Res2002，41，23： | 1 |
| 20 | Carbon clusters near the crossover to fullerene stability显示文摘 | Kent P R C Towler M D Needs R J | 2000 | Phys Rev B2000，62，15： | 1 |
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