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| 1 | Liver fat content determined by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy显示文摘Hepatic steatosis as the most prevalent liver disorder can either be related to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In both conditions, hepatocytes excessively accumulate fatcontaining vacuoles within their cytoplasm, which is the key histological feature. In contrast to ALD, NAFLD is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance. To determine increased liver fat content, liver biopsy is currently considered the gold standard. Besides the invasive technique, various other non-invasive techniques have been developed, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based methods. Among these techniques, ultrasound and CT provide only qualitative information about hepatic steatosis, whereas MRS-or MRI-based methods are able to determine even small amounts of fat accurately. These non-invasive magnetic resonance techniques have already proven their great potential, especially in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies regarding various metabolic conditions and medical treatment regimens. In this review, the most common, non-invasive MRS/MRI techniques for assessment of intrahepatic lipid content are described with their inherent advantages and limitations. | Fabian Springer Jürgen Machann Claus D Claussen Fritz Schick Nina F Schwenzer | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，13： | 19 |
| 2 | Non-invasive assessment and quantification of liver steatosis by ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance显示文摘 | Nina F. Schwenzer Fabian Springer Christina Schraml Norbert Stefan Jürgen Machann Fritz Schick | 2009 | Journal of Hepatology2009，，3： | 4 |
| 3 | FK506 treatment inhibits caspase-3 activation and promotes oligodendroglial survival following traumatic spinal cord injury显示文摘 | Nottingham S Knapp P Springer J | 2002 | Exp Neurol2002，177，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Terretonin,a toxic compound from Aspergillus terreus显示文摘 | Springer J P Dorner J W Cole R J | 1979 | J OrgChem1979，44，26： | 1 |
| 5 | Novel study on the liquid crystalline behavior of poly(methacrylate)s with biphenyl side groups显示文摘 | KOLTZENBUGR S WOLFF D SPRINGER J | 1998 | Journal of Polymer Science:Part A1998，，36： | 1 |
| 6 | Growth and transplantation of a custom vascularised bone graft in a man显示文摘 | Warnke PH Springer IN Wiltfang J | 2004 | Lancet2004，364，： | 1 |
| 7 | C-terminal opening mimics'inside-out' activation of integrin alpha5betal 显示文摘 | Takagi J Erickson H P Springer T A | 2001 | Nat Struct Biol2001，8，： | 1 |
| 8 | Structure of integrin alpha 5 beta 1 in complex with fibroneetin显示文摘 | Takagi J Strovokich K Springer TA | 2003 | EMBO J2003，22，18： | 1 |
| 9 | PEM fuel cells for transportation and stationary power generation applications显示文摘 | Cleghorh S J C Ren X Springer T E | 1997 | International J Hydrogen Energy1997，22，12： | 1 |
| 10 | On the formation andgrowth of intermetallic phases during interdiffusion betweenlow-carbon steel and aluminum alloys 显示文摘 | SPRINGER H KOSTKA A PAYTON E J RAABE D KAYSSER-PYZALLA A EGGELER G | 2011 | Acta Materialia2011，59，4： | 1 |
| 11 | Structural specializations of immunoglobulin superfamily members for adhesion to integrins and viruses显示文摘 | Wang J Springer TA | 1998 | Immunol Rev1998，163，： | 1 |
| 12 | Structure andconformation of roseotoxin B显示文摘 | Springer J P Cole R J Dorncr J W | 1984 | Journal of the AmericanChemical Society*1984，106，8： | 1 |
| 13 | Role of intercellUlar adhesion molecule 1 in pathogenesis of staphylococcal arthritis and in host defense against staphylococcal bacteremia显示文摘 | Verdrengh M Springer T A Gutierrez-Ramos J C | 1996 | Infect Immun1996，7，： | 1 |
| 14 | Growth and transplantation of a custom vascularised bone graft in a man显示文摘 | Wamke PH Springer IN Wiltfang J | 2004 | Lancet2004，364，9436： | 1 |
| 15 | The interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein gene in therian mammals: implications for higher level rela- tionships and evidence for loss of function in the marsupial mole 显示文摘 | Springer M S Burk A Kavanagh J R | 1997 | Pro- ceedings of the National Academy Science1997，94，13： | 1 |
| 16 | calcitonin gene-related peptide as inflamematory mediator 显示文摘 | Springer J Geppetti P Fischer A | 2003 | Pulm Pharmacol Ther2003，16，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Morphology and Gas Permselectivity of Blend Membranes of Polyvinylpyridine with Ethylcellulose 显示文摘 | Li X G Kresse L Springer J | 2001 | Polymer2001，42，： | 1 |
| 18 | Air permeability of porous materials under controlled laboratory conditions显示文摘 | Springer D S Loaiciga H A Cullen S J | 1998 | GroundWater1998，36，4： | 1 |
| 19 | Restoration of thermographic images using iterative inverse filtering 显示文摘 | Springer T Torres J Pearce J A | 1989 | Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society1989，2，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Transmission of histomoniasis with male Heterakis gallinarum (Nematoda) 显示文摘 | Springer WT Johnson J Reid WM | 1969 | Parasitology1969，59，2： | 1 |
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