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| 1 | 帕博利珠单抗单用或与放疗联用治疗转移性非小细胞肺癌:两个随机试验的汇总分析显示文摘背景放疗可以提高整个机体对免疫治疗的应答。在Ⅱ期PEMBRO-RT研究和Ⅰ/Ⅱ期MDACC研究中,患有转移性非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)的患者被随机分配入组,接受免疫治疗(帕博利珠单抗)+放疗联合疗法,或免疫治疗单一疗法。当上述2个研究单独分析时,联合疗法组显示出潜在获益。由于每个研究的样本量较小,缓解率和结局并未显示出统计学意义,然而却有显著的临床获益。因此,本研究进行汇总分析,来判断放疗是否会改善转移性NSCLC患者的免疫治疗应答。方法PEMBRO-RT和MDACC研究纳入标准:患者年龄≥18岁,患有转移性NSCLC,且有≥1处未经放疗照射的病灶,以便进行射野外应答监测。PEMBRO-RT研究纳入曾接受过化疗患者,MDACC研究纳入曾接受过治疗或新诊断患者。2个研究中的患者均未接受过免疫治疗。在PEMBRO-RT研究中患者被等比例随机分配入组,并根据吸烟状态进行分层(分为<10年组和≥10年组)。MDACC研究的患者根据放疗计划可行性被等比例随机分配入2个受试组。由于联合治疗组的干预本质,每个研究中的放疗均不适用盲法。在2个研究中,不论是否进行放疗,均静脉滴入帕博利珠单抗(每3周200 mg)。在PEMBRO-RT研究中,在放疗(24 Gy 3次分割照射)结束后1周给予第1剂帕博利珠单抗。在MDACC研究中,在第1次放疗(50 Gy 4次分割照射或45 Gy 15次分割照射)同时给予帕博利珠单抗。仅检测未经照射病灶的应答。本研究的终点为最佳射野外(远隔)应答率(ARR)、最佳射野外疾病控制率(ACR)、12周时ARR、12周时ACR、无进展生存期(PFS)和总生存期(OS)。2个研究的意向治疗(ITT)人群均纳入分析。PEMBRO-RT研究(NCT02492568)和MDACC研究(NCT02444741)均在ClinicalTrials.gov上注册。发现纳入148例患者,76例接受帕博利珠单抗治疗,72例接受帕博利珠单抗+放疗治疗。所有患者随访时间中位数为33个月[四分位距(IQR):32.4~33.6]。148例患者中124例(84%)组织学特征为非鳞癌,111例(75%)患者曾经接受过化疗。组间没有基线特征差异,包括PD-L1表达状态和转移灶体积。最常见的照射部位为肺转移灶(39%,28/72)、胸腔内淋巴结(21%,15/72)和非原发灶(17%,12/72)。帕博利珠单抗组和联合治疗组的最佳ARR分别为19.7%(15/76)和41.7%(30/72),OR=2.96,95%CI:1.42~6.20,P=0.0039;最佳ACR分别为43.4%(33/76)和65.3%(47/72),OR=2.51,95%CI:1.28~4.91,P=0.0071;PFS中位数分别为4.4(IQR:2.9~5.9)和9.0个月(IQR:6.8~11.2),HR=0.67,95%CI:0.45~0.99,P=0.045;OS中位数分别为8.7(IQR:6.4~11.0)和19.2个月(IQR:14.6~23.8),OR=0.67,95%CI:0.54~0.84,P=0.0004。在汇总分析中没有发现新的安全问题。解读帕博利珠单抗免疫疗法+放疗显著提高转移性NSCLC患者的应答和改善治疗结局。这些结果需要在三期临床试验中进行验证。 | 陈大卫(翻译) 于金明(校对) Willemijn S M E Theelen Vivek Verma Brian P Hobbs Heike M U Peulen Joachim G J V Aerts Idris Bahce Anna Larissa N Niemeijer Joe Y Chang Patricia M de Groot Quynh-Nhu Nguyen Nathan I Comeaux George R Simon Ferdinandos Skoulidis Steven H Lin Kewen He Roshal Patel John Heymach Paul Baas James W Welsh | 2021 | 中华肿瘤防治杂志2021，28，24： | 49 |
| 2 | 番茄采摘机器人机械臂避障路径规划显示文摘以关节型机械臂避开垂直茎秆或撑杆采摘番茄为研究对象,提出了一种基于构形空间的关节型机械臂避障路径规划方法。利用空间映射原理,将关节型机械臂工作空间的三维避障问题转换为平面R-R机械臂避开障碍圆的问题,用临界碰撞关节角建立C-障碍空间的映射计算模型,将工作空间的位置避障转换为构形空间连杆关节角的计算。以能量最优函数优选避障规划的关节终点角度,利用A*算法计算平面R-R机械臂的避障关节角路径,获得一系列表示空间连杆位置的相交竖直面,并在竖直面内进行其余关节角的规划。避障采摘番茄的试验表明,机械臂带动夹持器能成功绕过直线状障碍物,引导夹持器到达果实目标位置,证明对平面R-R机械臂的空间映射建模是正确的,验证了提出的避障路径规划方法是可行的,可以应用于番茄的自动收获。 | 尹建军 武传宇 Yang Simon X Gauri S Mittal 毛罕平 | 2012 | 农业机械学报2012，43，12： | 33 |
| 3 | 中国两栖动物保护需求总述显示文摘通过对中国两栖动物物种生物多样性现状的全面分析,与世界许多国家相比,中国是一个重要的全球优先保护地区.横断山区、南岭山区和武夷山区3个区域的两栖动物物种多样性特别丰富.有尾两栖类物种较无尾类受胁程度更高.几个物种数相对较少的铃蟾科、隐腮鲵科、小鲵科和蝾螈科显示出了高的受胁倾向.像世界其它地方一样,高海拔地区溪流繁殖的森林物种受胁程度更高.对中国两栖动物而言,生境丧失、污染和过度捕捉是最主要的致危因素.过度捕捉虽然影响不如生境丧失深远,但它更可能导致一个物种种群的快速衰落.针对5个方面的保护挑战,提出了优先研究领域和保护行动方面的建议. | 谢锋 刘惠宁 Simon N Stuart Janice S Chanson Neil A Cox Debra L Fischman | 2006 | 中国科学(C辑)2006，36，6： | 28 |
| 4 | Blood pressure,prevalence of hypertension and hypertension related complications in Nigerian Africans:A review显示文摘To review studies on hypertension in Nigeria over the past five decades in terms of prevalence,awareness and treatment and complications.Following our search on Pubmed,African Journals Online and the World Health Organization Global cardiovascular infobase,1060 related references were identified out of which 43 were found to be relevant for this review.The overall prevalence of hypertension in Nigeria ranges from 8%-46.4% depending on the study target population,type of measurement and cut-off value used for defining hypertension.The prevalence is similar in men and women(7.9%-50.2% vs 3.5%-68.8%,respectively) and in the urban(8.1%-42.0%) and rural setting(13.5%-46.4%).The pooled prevalence increased from 8.6% from the only study during the period from 1970-1979 to 22.5%(2000-2011).Awareness,treatment and control of hypertension were generally low with attendant high burden of hypertension related complications.In order to improve outcomes of cardiovascular disease in Africans,public health education to improve awareness of hypertension is required.Further epidemiological studies on hypertension are required to adequately understand and characterize the impact of hypertension in society. | Okechukwu S Ogah Ikechi Okpechi Innocent I Chukwuonye Joshua O Akinyemi Basden JC Onwubere Ayodele O Falase Simon Stewart Karen Sliwa | 2012 | World Journal of Cardiology2012，4，12： | 13 |
| 5 | Hepatocellular carcinoma: Review of disease and tumor biomarkers显示文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) is a common malignancy and now the second commonest global cause of cancer death. HCC tumorigenesis is relatively silent and patients experience late symptomatic presentation. As the option for curative treatments is limited to early stage cancers, diagnosis in non-symptomatic individuals is crucial. International guidelines advise regular surveillance of high-risk populations but the current tools lack sufficient sensitivity for early stage tumors on the background of a cirrhotic nodular liver. A number of novel biomarkers have now been suggested in the literature, which may reinforce the current surveillance methods. In addition, recent metabonomic and proteomic discoveries have established specific metabolite expressions in HCC, according to Warburg's phenomenon of altered energy metabolism. With clinical validation, a simple and non-invasive test from the serum or urine may be performed to diagnose HCC, particularly benefiting low resource regions where the burden of HCC is highest. | Jin Un Kim Mohamed I F Shariff Mary M E Crossey Maria Gomez-Romero Elaine Holmes I Jane Cox Haddy K S Fye Ramou Njie Simon D Taylor-Robinson | 2016 | World Journal of Hepatology2016，8，10： | 13 |
| 6 | Conservation needs of amphibians in China: A review显示文摘The conservation status of all the amphibians in China is analyzed,and the country is shown to be a global priority for conservation in comparison to many other countries of the world.Three Chinese regions are particularly rich in amphibian diversity:Hengduan,Nanling,and Wuyi mountains.Sala-manders are more threatened than frogs and toads.Several smaller families show a high propensity to become seriously threatened:Bombinatoridae,Cryptobranchidae,Hynobiidae and Salamandridae.Like other parts of the world,stream-breeding,high-elevation forest amphibians have a much higher likeli-hood of being seriously threatened.Habitat loss,pollution,and over-harvesting are the most serious threats to Chinese amphibians.Over-harvesting is a less pervasive threat than habitat loss,but it is more likely to drive a species into rapid decline.Five conservation challenges are mentioned with recommendations for the highest priority research and conservation actions. | Michael Wai Neng LAU Simon N STUART Janice S CHANSON Neil A COX Debra L FISCHMAN | 2007 | Science China(Life Sciences)2007，50，2： | 12 |
| 7 | Pro-oxidative and anti-oxidative imbalance in human semen and its relation with male fertility显示文摘Oxidative stress is a common condition suffered by biological systems in aerobic conditions.Human semen also has its own molecular guard against the free radicals created by normal respiratory process or from immune reactions.The equilibrium of the creation and scavenging of free radicals is mandatory in the spermatozoa to fertilize and initiate a full-term pregnancy.The paper is a systematic review of publications that evaluate oxidative stress in semen.The Cochrane Library,Medline (1966-2003),Embase (1988-2003),SciSearch (1981-2003) and the conference papers were searched,When sperm samples from fertile and infertile males were analyzed,some of the mechanisms that determine the oxidative stress level were found to be impaired while others were unaltered.In conclusion,the literature as a whole provides contradictory findings and it is necessary to carry out more work to identify all the enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems involved in oxidative stress in the ejaculate,in order to develop new diagnostic systems and therapeutic strategies for combating detrimental free radical imbalance in the semen.(Asian J Androl 2004 Mar;6:59-65) | Nicolás Garrido Marcos Meseguer Carlos Simon Antonio Pellicer José Remohi | 2004 | Asian Journal of Andrology2004，6，1： | 10 |
| 8 | Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hepatotoxicity:A review显示文摘The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICI)in advanced cancer has been a major development in the last decade.The indications for ICIs are constantly expanding into new territory across different cancers,disease stages and lines of therapy.With this increased use,adverse events including immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hepatotoxicity(ICH)have emerged as an important clinical problem.This along with the introduction of ICI as first-and second-line treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma makes ICH very relevant to gastroenterologists and hepatologists.The incidence of ICH varies between 1%-20%depending on the number,type and dose of ICI received.Investigation and management generally involve excluding differential diagnoses and following a stepwise escalation of withholding or ceasing ICI,corticosteroid treatment and adding other immunosuppressive agents depending on the severity of toxicity.The majority of patients with ICH recover and some may even safely recommence ICI therapy.Guideline recommendations are largely based on evidence derived from retrospective case series which highlights a priority for future research. | Devika Remash David S Prince Catriona McKenzie Simone I Strasser Steven Kao Ken Liu | 2021 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2021，27，32： | 9 |
| 9 | pRB expression in esophageal mucosa of individuals at high risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus显示文摘AIM: To investigate the pRb expression in a large group of patients with history of chronic exposure to the main risk factors for development of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. METHODS: One hundred and seventy asymptomatic individuals at high risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (consumption of more than 80 g of ethanol and 10 cigarettes/d for at least 10 years) underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy with biopsies of the esophageal mucosa. As a control group, specimens of esophageal mucosa obtained from 20 healthy subjects were also studied. Immunohistochemical assessment of the tissues was performed using a monoclonal antibody anti-pRB protein. RESULTS: Absence of the pRB staining, indicating loss of RB function, was observed in 33 (19.4%) of the individuals at risk for esophageal cancer, but in none of the healthy controls (P < 0.02). Loss of pRb expression increased in a stepwise fashion according to the severity of the histological findings (P < 0.005): normal mucosa (11/97 or 11.3%), chronic esophagitis (17/60 or 28.3%), low-grade dysplasia (3/10 or 30%), high-grade dysplasia 1/2 or 50%) and squamous cell carcinoma (1/1 or 100%). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that abnormal expression of the pRB protein may be implicated in the process of esophageal carcinogenesis. Additional studies are warranted to define the role of the pRBprotein as a biomarker for development of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in individuals at high risk for this malignancy. | Simone S Contu Paulo C Contu Daniel C Damin Renato B Fagundes Fabiano Bevilacqua Aline S Rosa Joo C Prolla Luis F Moreira | 2007 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2007，13，11： | 5 |
| 10 | Imaging of liver cancer显示文摘Improvements in imaging technology allow exploitation of the dual blood supply of the liver to aid in the identif ication and characterisation of both malignant and benign liver lesions. Imaging techniques available include contrast enhanced ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This review discusses the application of several imaging techniques in the diagnosis and staging of both hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma and outlines certain characteristics of benign liver lesions. The advantages of each imaging technique are highlighted, while underscoring the potential pitfalls and limitations of each imaging modality. | Ben Ariff Claire R Lloyd Sameer Khan Mohamed Shariff Andrew V Thillainayagam Devinder S Bansi Shahid A Khan Simon D Taylor-Robinson Adrian KP Lim | 2009 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2009，15，11： | 4 |
| 11 | Risk-adjustment in hepatobiliarypancreatic surgery显示文摘AIM: The present study evaluates the performance of the POSSUM, the American Society of Anesthetists (ASA),APACHE and Childs classification in predicting mortality and morbidity in hepatopancreaticobiliary (HPB) surgery.We describe especially the limitations and advantages of risk in stratifying the patients.METHODS: We investigated 177 randomly chosen patients undergoing eledive complex HPB surgery in a single institution with a total of 71 pre-operative and intra-operative risk factors.Primary endpoint was in-hospital mortality and morbidity.Ordered logistic regression analysis was used to identify individual predictors of operative morbidity and mortality.RESULTS: The operative mortality in the series was 3.95% .This compared well with the p-POSSUM and APACHE predicted mortality of 4.31% and 4.29% respectively. Postoperative complications amounted to 45% with 24 (13.6%)patients having a major adverse event. On multivariate analysis the pre-operative POSSUM physiological score (OR = 1.18,P = 0.009) was superior in predicting complications compared to the ASA (P = 0.108), APACHE (P = 0.117)or Childs classification (P = 0.136). In addition, serum sodium, creatinine, international normalized ratio (INR),pulse rate, and intra-operative blood loss were independent risk factors. A combination of the POSSUM variables and INR offered the optimal combination of risk factors for risk prognostication in HPB surgery.CONCLUSION: Morbidity for elective HPB surgery can be accurately predicted and applied in everyday surgical practice as an adjunct in the process of informed consent and for effective allocation of resources for intensive and high-dependency care facilities. | Hemant M Kocher Paris P Tekkis Palepu Gopal Ameet G Patel Simon Cottam Irving S Benjamin | 2005 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2005，11，16： | 3 |
| 12 | 光动力疗法治疗非小细胞肺癌显示文摘光动力疗法被越来越多地应用于治疗胸部恶性肿瘤。对于早期非小细胞肺癌(如支气管腔内肺癌)、X线检查阴性或同时性原发癌,光动疗法可作为主要治疗手段进行腔内根治性治疗。作为单一根治疗法,光动力疗法是治疗支气管镜可见≤1 cm且无软骨外浸润的肺部肿瘤的最有效方法。对于晚期非小细胞癌患者,光动力治疗可以作为综合根治疗法的一部分,用于减轻阻塞性支气管内病变,增加可手术性或缩小所需手术范围。本文对现有发表的应用光动力疗法治疗至少10例以上非小细胞肺癌病例的研究文献进行综述,提出了光动力疗法应用的治疗建议并进行了总结。 | Charles B Simone II Joseph S Friedberg Eli Glatstein James P Stevenson Daniel H Sterman Stephen M Hahn Keith A Cengel 袁光金 李金銮 朱宇熹 凌扬 | 2013 | 国际病理科学与临床杂志2013，33，3： | 3 |
| 13 | Global Wheat Head Detection 2021:An Improved Dataset for Benchmarking Wheat Head Detection Methods显示文摘The Global Wheat Head Detection(GWHD)dataset was created in 2020 and has assembled 193,634 labelled wheat heads from 4700 RGB images acquired from various acquisition platforms and 7 countries/institutions.With an associated competition hosted in Kaggle,GWHD_2020 has successfully attracted attention from both the computer vision and agricultural science communities.From this first experience,a few avenues for improvements have been identified regarding data size,head diversity,and label reliability.To address these issues,the 2020 dataset has been reexamined,relabeled,and complemented by adding 1722 images from 5 additional countries,allowing for 81,553 additional wheat heads.We now release in 2021 a new version of the Global Wheat Head Detection dataset,which is bigger,more diverse,and less noisy than the GWHD_2020 version. | Etienne David Mario Serouart Daniel Smith Simon Madec Kaaviya Velumani Shouyang Liu Xu Wang Francisco Pinto Shahameh Shafiee Izzat SATahir Hisashi Tsujimoto Shuhei Nasuda Bangyou Zheng Norbert Kirchgessner Helge Aasen Andreas Hund Pouria Sadhegi-Tehran Koichi Nagasawa Goro Ishikawa Sébastien Dandrifosse Alexis Carlier Benjamin Dumont Benoit Mercatoris Byron Evers Ken Kuroki Haozhou Wang Masanori Ishii Minhajul ABadhon Curtis Pozniak David Shaner LeBauer Morten Lillemo Jesse Poland Scott Chapman Benoit de Solan Frédéric Baret Ian Stavness Wei Guo | 2021 | Plant Phenomics2021，3，1： | 2 |
| 14 | Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial显示文摘 | Harry LA Janssen Monika van Zonneveld Hakan Senturk Stefan Zeuzem Ulus S Akarca Yilmaz Cakaloglu Christopher Simon Thomas MK So Guido Gerken Robert A de Man Hubert GM Niesters Pieter Zondervan Bettina Hansen Solko W Schalm | 2005 | The Lancet . 2005 (9454)2005，，： | 2 |
| 15 | A family study of endophenotypes for psychosis within an early intervention programme in Hong Kong: Rationale and preliminary findings显示文摘The study of endophenotypes may be a viable strategy to tackle the genetic complexity and phenotypic heterogeneity of psychosis, but this research direction is relatively under-developed in China as compared to Western countries. We have recently initiated one of the first family studies of endophenotypes for psychosis in China. Patients entering an established early psychosis intervention service are recruited into this research project for phenotyping, endophenotyping and genotyping. At the endophenotypic level, four domains (neurological soft signs, neurocognition of prospective memory, social cognition of facial emotion recognition, and affective cognition of anticipatory and consummatory pleasure) are studied in the sample of patients with psychosis and their unaffected siblings. This article illustrates the benefit of a research-oriented clinical programme and its findings based on the data collected as of early 2011. | LUI Simon S Y SHAM Pak CHAN Raymond C K CHEUNG Eric F C | 2011 | Chinese Science Bulletin2011，56，32： | 2 |
| 16 | Synthesis of CMP-NeuAc from N-acetylglucosamine: Generation of CTP from CMP using adenylate kinase 显示文摘 | Simon E S Bednarski M D Whitesides G M | 1988 | J Am Chem Soc1988，110，： | 2 |
| 17 | Non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia: Diagnostic challenges and perspectives in the era of artificial intelligence显示文摘Acute mesenteric ischemia(AMI)is a severe condition associated with poor prognosis,ultimately leading to death due to multiorgan failure.Several mechanisms may lead to AMI,and non-occlusive mesenteric ischemia(NOMI)represents a particular form of AMI.NOMI is prevalent in intensive care units in critically ill patients.In NOMI management,promptness and accuracy of diagnosis are paramount to achieve decisive treatment,but the last decades have been marked by failure to improve NOMI prognosis,due to lack of tools to detect this condition.While real-life diagnostic management relies on a combination of physical examination,several biomarkers,imaging,and endoscopy to detect the possibility of several grades of NOMI,research studies only focus on a few elements at a time.In the era of artificial intelligence(AI),which can aggregate thousands of variables in complex longitudinal models,the prospect of achieving accurate diagnosis through machine-learning-based algorithms may be sought.In the following work,we bring you a state-of-the-art literature review regarding NOMI,its presentation,its mechanics,and the pitfalls of routine work-up diagnostic exams including biomarkers,imaging,and endoscopy,we raise the perspectives of new biomarker exams,and finally we discuss what AI may add to the field,after summarizing what this technique encompasses. | Simon Bourcier Julian Klug Lee S Nguyen | 2021 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2021，27，26： | 2 |
| 18 | Ventricular repolarization components on the electrocardiogram显示文摘 | Gan-Xin Yan Ramarao S Lankipalli James F Burke Simone Musco Peter R Kowey | 2003 | Journal of the American College of Cardiology2003，，： | 2 |
| 19 | Incidental non-benign gallbladder histopathology after cholecystectomy in an United Kingdom population: Need for routine histological analysis?显示文摘AIM To analyse the range of histopathology detected in the largest published United Kingdom series of cholecystectomy specimens and to evaluate the rational for selective histopathological analysis.METHODS Incidental gallbladder malignancy is rare in the United Kingdom with recent literature supporting selective histological assessment of gallbladders after routine cholecystectomy.All cholecystectomy gallbladder specimens examined by the histopathology department at our hospital during a five year period between March 2008 and March 2013 were retrospectively analysed.Further data was collected on all specimens demonstrating carcinoma,dysplasia and polypoid growths.RESULTS The study included 4027 patients.The majority(97%) of specimens exhibited gallstone or cholecystitis related disease.Polyps were demonstrated in 44(1.09%),the majority of which were cholesterol based(41/44).Dysplasia,ranging from low to multifocal high-grade was demonstrated in 55(1.37%).Incidental primary gallbladder adenocarcinoma was detected in 6 specimens(0.15%,5 female and 1 male),and a single gallbladder revealed carcinoma in situ(0.02%).This large single centre study demonstrated a full range of gallbladder disease from cholecystectomy specimens,including more than 1% neoplastic histology and two cases of macroscopically occult gallbladder malignancies.CONCLUSION Routine histological evaluation of all elective and emergency cholecystectomies is justified in a United Kingdom population as selective analysis has potential to miss potentially curable life threatening pathology. | Krashna Patel Khaled Dajani Satheesh Iype Nikolaos A Chatzizacharias Saranya Vickramarajah Susan Davies Rebecca Brais Siong S Liau Simon Harper Asif Jah Raaj K Praseedom Emmanuel L Huguet | 2016 | World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery2016，8，10： | 2 |
| 20 | Strategies to tackle the challenges of external beam radiotherapy for liver tumors显示文摘Primary and metastatic liver cancer is an increasingly common and difficult to control disease entity.Radiation offers a non-invasive treatment alternative for these patients who often have few options and a poor prognosis.However,the anatomy and aggressiveness of liver cancer poses significant challenges such as accurate localization at simulation and treatment,management of motion and appropriate selection of dose regimen.This article aims to review the options available and provide information for the practical implementation and/or improvement of liver cancer radiation programs within the context of stereotactic body radiotherapy and image-guided radiotherapy guidelines.Specific patient inclusion and exclusion criteria are presented given the significant toxicity found in certain sub-populations treated with radiation.Indeed,certain sub-populations,such as those with tumor thrombosis or those with larger lesions treated with transarterial chemoembolization,have been shown to have significant improvements in outcome with the addition of radiation and merit special consideration.Implementing a liver radiation programrequires three primary challenges to be addressed:(1) immobilization and motion management;(2) localization;and(3) dose regimen and constraint selection.Strategies to deal with motion include simple internal target volume(ITV) expansions,non-gated ITV reduction strategies,breath hold methods,and surrogate marker methods to enable gating or tracking.Localization of the tumor and organs-at-risk are addressed using contrast infusion techniques to take advantage of different normal liver and cancer vascular anatomy,imaging modalities,and margin management.Finally,a dose response has been demonstrated and dose regimens appear to be converging.A more uniform approach to treatment in terms of technique,dose selection and patient selection will allow us to study liver radiation in larger and,hopefully,multicenter randomized studies. | Michael I Lock Jonathan Klein Hans T Chung Joseph M Herman Edward Y Kim William Small Nina A Mayr Simon S Lo | 2017 | World Journal of Hepatology2017，9，14： | 2 |
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