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| 1 | Liver fat content determined by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy显示文摘Hepatic steatosis as the most prevalent liver disorder can either be related to alcoholic liver disease (ALD) or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In both conditions, hepatocytes excessively accumulate fatcontaining vacuoles within their cytoplasm, which is the key histological feature. In contrast to ALD, NAFLD is commonly associated with metabolic syndrome, obesity and insulin resistance. To determine increased liver fat content, liver biopsy is currently considered the gold standard. Besides the invasive technique, various other non-invasive techniques have been developed, such as ultrasound, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based methods. Among these techniques, ultrasound and CT provide only qualitative information about hepatic steatosis, whereas MRS-or MRI-based methods are able to determine even small amounts of fat accurately. These non-invasive magnetic resonance techniques have already proven their great potential, especially in longitudinal and cross-sectional studies regarding various metabolic conditions and medical treatment regimens. In this review, the most common, non-invasive MRS/MRI techniques for assessment of intrahepatic lipid content are described with their inherent advantages and limitations. | Fabian Springer Jürgen Machann Claus D Claussen Fritz Schick Nina F Schwenzer | 2010 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2010，16，13： | 19 |
| 2 | Subtle bone marrow edema assessed by frequency selective chemical shift MRI 显示文摘 | Schick F Bongers H Aicher K | 1992 | J Comput Assist Tomogr1992，16，3： | 1 |
| 3 | Solitary pulmonary nodules:dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging-perfusion differences in malignant and benign lesions显示文摘 | Schaefer JF Volhnax J Schick F | 2004 | Radiology2004，232，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Effects of a lifestyle intervention in metabolically benign and malign obesity 显示文摘 | Kantartzis K Machann J Schick F | 2011 | Diabetologia2011，54，4： | 1 |
| 5 | Measurement of intracellular triglyceride stores by H spectroscopy:validation in vivo显示文摘 | Szczepaniak LS Babcock EE Schick F | 1999 | Am J Physiol1999，276，51： | 1 |
| 6 | Sex hormone- globulin and risk of type 2 diabetes 显示文摘 | Stefan N Schick F Hating HU | 2009 | N EngI Med2009，361，27： | 1 |
| 7 | Measurement of Intracellular Triglyceride Stores by H Spectroscopy:Validation in Vivo显示文摘 | Szczepaniak LS Babcock EE Schick F | 1999 | Am J Physiol1999，276，51： | 1 |
| 8 | The double-line sign of osteonecrosis:evaluation nn chemical shife MR images显示文摘 | Duda SH Laniado M Schick F | 1993 | Eur J Radiol1993，16，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Normal bone marrow in the sacrum of young adult: differences between the sexes on chemicalshift MR imaging 显示文摘 | Duda SH Laniado M Schick F | 1995 | AJR AmJ Roentgenol1995，164，4： | 1 |
| 10 | The double-line sign of osteonecrosis:evaluation on chemical shift MR images显示文摘 | Duda SH Laniado M Schick F | 1993 | Eur J Radiol1993，16，： | 1 |
| 11 | The double-line sign of osteonecrosis:evaluation on chemical shift MR images显示文摘 | Duda SH Laniado M Schick F | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 12 | Pulsed Magnetization transfer contrast MRI by a sequence with water selective excitation 显示文摘 | Schick F | 1996 | JCAT1996，20，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Slice-selective fat saturation in MR angiography using spatial-spectral selective prepulses显示文摘 | Forster J Schick F Breuer J | 1998 | JMRI1998，8，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Solitary pulmonary nodules: Dynamic contrast- enhanced MR imaging-perfusion differences in malignant and benign lesions显示文摘 | Schaefer JF Vollmar J Schick F | 2004 | Radiology2004，232，2： | 1 |
| 15 | Environmental and genetic determinants of fatty liver in humans显示文摘 | Kantartzis K Schick F Haring HU | 2010 | Dig Dis2010，28，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Comparison of magnetic resonance imaging methods for examinations abdominal aortic aneurysms显示文摘 | Schick F Duda SH Dammann F | 1995 | Investigation Radiology1995，30，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Measurement of intracellular triglyceride stores by H spectroscopy:validation in vivo显示文摘 | Szczepaniak LS Babcock EE Schick F | 1999 | Am J Physiol1999，276，51： | 1 |
| 18 | Localized in vivo 1H spec- troscopy of human skektal muscle : nomal and pathologic findings 显示文摘 | Bongers H Schick F Skalej M | 1992 | Magn Reson Imaging1992，10，： | 1 |
| 19 | Environmental and genetic determinants of fatty liver in humans 显示文摘 | Kantartzis K Schick F Haring HU | 2010 | Dig Dis2010，28，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Measurement of Intracellular Triglyceride Stores by ^1H Spectroscopy: Validation in Vivo显示文摘 | Szczepaniak LS Babcock EE Schick F | 1999 | Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab1999，276，5： | 1 |
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