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| 1 | Shifting dynamics of nature, society and agriculture in the Hindu Kush Himalayas: Perspectives for future mountain development显示文摘Current approaches for sustainable mountain development have several persisting warning signals. Economic globalization, profitoriented market development, and infrastructure development have significantly altered traditional nature-society interactions, increased environmental pressures, and challenged agricultural sustainability in the mountains. Some of the effects of globalization could also be beneficial. Social differentiation and disintegration of mountain communities' have weakened their collective stakes on natural resources resulting in decline in initiatives such as community forestry, collective water management, domestication of rapidly disappearing herbal species, and balancing of economic and ecological concerns. Population growth, food insecurity, unemployment, and increasing economic gaps between rich and poor have led to out-migration of youth. Sustained action promoting ownership of new initiatives for rehabilitating degraded mountain landscapes through macro-level global/national initiatives, mountain specific planning and development efforts is severely lacking in many areas on the Hindu Kush Himalayan region. Therefore, there is an urgent need for widening the scope of efforts directed to help mountain areas and communities, and a future thinking approach to enhance the sustainability of mountain areas as they are a valuable natural resource for humankind. This paper discusses the issues, opportunities, and provides suggestions for the future of mountain development. | BHATTA Laxmi Dutt SHRESTHA Anil NEUPANE Nilhari JODHA Narpat Singh WU Ning | 2019 | Journal of Mountain Science2019，16，5： | 2 |
| 2 | Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients: Evidence for Improved Survival When Compared with Nontransplant Patients显示文摘 | Maricar F. Malinis Steven D. Mawhorter Anil Jain Nabin K. Shrestha Robin K. Avery David van Duin | 2012 | Transplantation Journal2012，，10： | 1 |
| 3 | Local perceptions of the conversion of cropland to forestland program in Jiangxi, Shaanxi, and Sichuan, China显示文摘Numerous land-use policies have been implemented in China in recent decades for ecological restoration and conservation to reduce environmental disasters and promote environmental sustainability.Many of these policies follow a top-down approach to implementation and as such,emphasize the hierarchical control within government structures.An understanding of local perceptions of land-use policies is important if the disconnect between policy makers and the target population is to be reduced and if program support is to improve.This study aimed to help improve local implementation,attitude toward,and engagement by examining the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the target population’s(local farmers)perception of the conversion of cropland to forestland program(CFPP)land use policy in Jiangxi,Sichuan,and Shaanxi provinces.It uses logistical regression models,with robust aspects of perception including confidence,support,transparency,prospects,fairness,and willingness to participate.Results indicate that social aspects as well as economic aspects are most important in influencing farmers’perceptions towards the CFPP.The farmers who have received technical support,rural male habitants,educated,and non-middle-aged farmers exhibit more positive perceptions of the program and are much more likely to support it,whereas farmers without any technical support or formal education,and female and middle-aged farmers are less likely to support the program.Importantly,this study also reveals the differences in responses,experiences and perceptions of the farmers living across different provinces.These empirical results provide insight into the influence of socio-economic characteristics on the perception of farmers towards land-use policies,which has important implications for designing targeted policy instruments and increasing farmer support for these policies.This knowledge can be harnessed and further evaluated in future research to improve citizen engagement,support,and understanding in order to help ecological restoration and conservation objectives be more effectively achieved. | Guangyu Wang Oliver Z.Ma Liguo Wang Anil Shrestha Baozhang Chen Feng Mi Shirong Liu Xiaomin Guo Sarah Eshpeter John L.Innes | 2019 | Journal of Forestry Research2019，30，5： | 1 |
| 4 | The role of active case finding in reducing patient incurred catastrophic costs for tuberculosis in Nepal显示文摘Background:The World Health Organization(WHO)End TB Strategy has established a milestone to reduce the number of tuberculosis(TB)-affected households facing catastrophic costs to zero by 2020.The role of active case finding(ACF)in reducing patient costs has not been determined globally.This study therefore aimed to compare costs incurred by TB patients diagnosed through ACF and passive case finding(PCF),and to determine the prevalence and intensity of patient-incurred catastrophic costs in Nepal.Methods:The study was conducted in two districts of Nepal:Bardiya and Pyuthan(Province No.5)between June and August 2018.One hundred patients were included in this study in a 1:1 ratio(PCF:ACF,25 consecutive ACF and 25 consecutive PCF patients in each district).The WHO TB patient costing tool was applied to collect information from patients or a member of their family regarding indirect and direct medical and non-medical costs.Catastrophic costs were calculated based on the proportion of patients with total costs exceeding 20%of their annual household income.The intensity of catastrophic costs was calculated using the positive overshoot method.The chi-square and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney tests were used to compare proportions and costs.Meanwhile,the Mantel Haenszel test was performed to assess the association between catastrophic costs and type of diagnosis.Results:Ninety-nine patients were interviewed(50 ACF and 49 PCF).Patients diagnosed through ACF incurred lower costs during the pre-treatment period(direct medical:USD 14 vs USD 32,P=0.001;direct non-medical:USD 3 vs USD 10,P=0.004;indirect,time loss:USD 4 vs USD 13,P<0.001).The cost of the pre-treatment and intensive phases combined was also lower for direct medical(USD 15 vs USD 34,P=0.002)and non-medical(USD 30 vs USD 54,P=0.022)costs among ACF patients.The prevalence of catastrophic direct costs was lower for ACF patients for all thresholds.A lower intensity of catastrophic costs was also documented for ACF patients,although the difference was not statistically significant.Conclusions:ACF can reduce patient-incurred costs substantially,contributing to the End TB Strategy target.Other synergistic policies,such as social protection,will also need to be implemented to reduce catastrophic costs to zero among TB-affected households. | Suman Chandra Gurung Kritika Dixit Bhola Rai Maxine Caws Puskar Raj Paudel Raghu Dhital Shraddha Acharya Gangaram Budhathoki Deepak Malla Jens W.Levy Job van Rest Knut Lonnroth Kerri Viney Andrew Ramsay Tom Wingfield Buddha Basnyat Anil Thapa Bertie Squire Duolao Wang Gokul Mishra Kashim Shah Anil Shrestha Noemia Teixeira de Siqueira-Filha | 2019 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2019，8，6： | 1 |
| 5 | Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-independent insulin action pathway(s) in the human ovary显示文摘 | Leonid Poretsky Donna Seto-Young Anil Shrestha | 2001 | Clin Endocrinol Metab2001，86，7： | 1 |
| 6 | Diagnostic value of serum adenosine deaminase levels in sputum smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Nepalese population显示文摘 | Anil Chander Chandrika Devi Shrestha | 2012 | Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine2012，，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Inclusion of forestry offsets in emission trading schemes:insights from global experts显示文摘Emissions trading schemes(ETSs)have been a central component of international climate change policies,as a carbon pricing tool to achieve emissions reduction targets.Forest carbon offset credits have been leveraged in many ETSs to efficiently meet emission reduction targets,yet there is little knowledge about the perceptions,experiences,and challenges associated with the forest carbon offsetting in existing and pilot ETS.Given that the future inclusion of forest carbon offset in ETS management activities and policies will require strong support and acceptability among the institutions and experts involved in ETS,this study explores the experiences and lessons learned with 16 globally engaging experts representing major existing ETSs(North America,Europe,and New Zealand)and Chinese pilot ETSs towards the inclusion of forestry offsets,major concerns and challenges with existing implementation models.Findings revealed that many respondents particularly from North America,New Zealand,and Chinese pilot systems portrayed positive attitudes toward the inclusion of forestry carbon offsets and its role in contributing to a viable ETS,while European experts were not supportive.Respondents cited leakage,permanence,additionality,and monitoring design features as the major challenges and concerns that inhibit the expansion and inclusion of forest carbon offsetting.Respondents from Chinese pilot schemes referenced a unique set of challenges related to implementation,including the increasing cost of afforestation and reforestation projects,the uncertainty in the future supply and demand for their national Certified Emissions Reduction(CER)scheme and landowner engagement.Existing and future ETSs should learn from and address the challenges experienced by global experts and carbon pricing mechanisms to design,evaluate,or enhance their forest carbon offset programs for an effective and viable system that successfully contributes to GHG mitigation practices globally.We recommend inclusion of forest carbon offsets at the early stages of ETS improves the perceptions and experience of policy makers and practitioners toward the success and potential of forestry offsets in ETS ensuring familiarity and confidence in the mechanism. | Anil Shrestha Sarah Eshpeter Nuyun Li Jinliang Li John O.Nile Guangyu Wang | 2022 | Journal of Forestry Research2022，33，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Key challenges and approaches to addressing barriers in forest carbon offset projects显示文摘Forest carbon offset(FCO)projects play an increasingly important role in mitigating climate change through market mechanisms in both compliance and voluntary markets.However,there are challenges and barriers to developing an FCO project,such as carbon leakage and cost-eff ectiveness.There have been few attempts to summarize and synthesize all types and aspects of existing challenges and possible solutions for FCO projects.This paper systematically reviews and discusses the current challenges involved in developing FCO projects,and then draws on the experience and lessons of existing projects to show how those challenges were addressed in world-leading voluntary carbon standards,namely the Verifi ed Carbon Standard,the American Carbon Registry,the Climate Action Reserve,and Plan Vivo.These voluntary markets have rich experience in FCO projects and are responsible for a signifi cant share of the market.From the 53 publications used in this analysis,three broad thematic categories of challenges emerged.These were related to methodology,socio-economic implications,and implementation.Methodological challenges,particularly additionality,permanence,and leakage,were the focus of 46%of the selected research papers,while socio-economic challenges,including transaction,social,and opportunity costs,were addressed by 35%.The remaining 19%of the research articles focused on implementational challenges related to monitoring,reporting,and verifi cation.Major voluntary standards adequately addressed most of the methodological and implementational barriers by adopting various approaches.However,the standards did not adequately address socio-economic issues,despite these being the second most frequently discussed theme in the papers analyzed.More research is clearly needed on the socio-economic challenges involved in the development of FCO projects.For the development of high-quality forestry carbon off set projects,there are many challenges and no simple,universal recipe for addressing them.However,it is crucial to build upon the current science and move forward with carbon projects which ensure eff ective,long-term carbon sinks and maximize benefi ts for biodiversity and people;this is particularly important with a growing public and private interest in this fi eld. | Chunyu Pan Anil Shrestha John LInnes Guomo Zhou Nuyun Li Jinliang Li Yeyun He Chunguang Sheng John-ONiles Guangyu Wang | 2022 | Journal of Forestry Research2022，33，4： | 0 |
| 9 | Delivering forestry courses online:experiences,lessons learned,and future of forestry online education in the Asia Pacifi c显示文摘Innovation in forestry education is needed to address changing contexts of the positionality of forests.This is particularly signifi cant in the Asia–Pacifi c region,where deforestation and degradation are high.However,the accessibility of high-quality forestry education to address changing regional and global contexts is lacking.A series of innovative sustainable forest management(SFM)open education resource(OER)courses were developed and implemented to improve the accessibility of SFM education to enhance teaching quality,curriculum,and research capacity of universities in the Asia-Pacifi c Region.To evaluate the SFM-OER program in terms of student experiences,this study investigated student achievement,perceived success of the pedagogical approach and instructional design,and perceived eff ectiveness of the learning activities in promoting active and transformative learning through the assessment of a 1,191-course feedback survey between 2018 and 2020,including the global pandemic.This study revealed that the program attracted diverse student demographics,including a higher proportion of female students majoring in forestry,ecology,and other environmental studies.Their primary motivation to participate in the courses was to gain international experience,followed by the fl exibility of online learning,mandatory course requirements,and earning course credits.Students were satisfi ed with the Canvas learning management system.Most students spent less than 5 to 10 h of their weekly time in the course and agreed or strongly agreed that the workloads were manageable.Students refl ected positively on various learning activities and assignments,such as watching lecture videos,taking quizzes,reading and summarizing,having discussions,and peer review writing.However,they did not clearly prefer specifi c learning activities,signifying the importance of using diverse learning activities to satisfy diverse individual learning styles in online settings.This analysis contributes to the further development of student-centered pedagogical development for online learning and provides insight into the ways forward for online higher forestry education,while repurposing existing OER courses in a post-Covid-19 era. | Anil Shrestha Jodi Crawford Hailan Chen Shiyi Zhang Na Zhong Michelle Zeng Guangyu Wang | 2023 | Journal of Forestry Research2023，34，4： | 0 |
| 10 | Response of Stubble Shaving Times on Ratoon Yield of Different Sugarcane Genotypes显示文摘Ratooning is common practice done in sugarcane with purpose of reducing the total cost of cultivation and early cane maturity.More than 35%of sugarcane productivity is lost due to improper attention of the farmers towards ratoons.Majority of farmers reported that the ratoonability wasn’t good when harvested in December-January.This experiment was carried out to find the appropriate ratoon shaving time with response to different varieties in sugarcane ratoon crop in the year 2018/19 at national sugarcane research project,Jitpur,Bara.The experiment was conducted in split plot design with four levels of cane genotypes as Co–0238,CoLk–94184,Co–0233 and CoS–07250 as the main plot factor while four harvesting dates as sub plot factor with three replications.Observations of a number of millable canes,single cane weight,plant height and single cane diameter were recorded,tabulated and analyzed in R-studio.Ratoon stubble shaving in the month of November had the highest number of millable canes(88079/ha)which wasn’t significantly different from the stubble shaving in the month of December,January.Likewise,highest cane yield(60.04 mt/ha),single cane weight(0.757 kg),cane diameter(2.11 cm),plant height(1.82 m)were found in early stubble shaving dates.Cane Yield and various yield parameter shows better performance in early ratoon shaving periods i.e.from November to January than late ratoon shaving dates. | Abhisek Shrestha Bharti Thapa Anil Gautam | 2021 | Journal of Botanical Research2021，3，2： | 0 |
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