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| 1 | Cloning of first abc transporter encoding gene from Trichoderma spp. and its expression during stress and mycoparasitism显示文摘Trichoderma in its natural environment competes for nutrient uptake and is required to protect itself from adverse natural toxic compounds, such as those produced by plants and other microbes in the soil community, or synthetic toxic compounds released human activity. One of the most important metabolic pathways for drug resistance and substrate uptake, both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is ATP dependent. The role of ABC transporter proteins in the biology of Trichoderma is still not known. We present the cloning of the first four ABC transporter genes (TABC1, TABC2, TABC3, TABC4 ) in Trichoderma, and in particular T. atroviride P1, and the characterization of TABC2 The complete sequence of this gene is 6535 bp, which includes a promoter of 1624 bp, a terminator of 642 bp and a coding region of 4264 bp. The promoter contains many of the potential transcription factor binding sites found in the 5’ upstream region of the ech42 gene of T. atroviride P1. These included: heat shock factors (HSF), a nitrogen-regulating factor (Nit-2), a stress-response element (STRE), a GCR1 elements, and a Cre BP1 motif. Northern analysis and RT-PCR demonstrated that TABC2 is highly expressed when Trichoderma is subjected to nitrogen starvation, grown in the presence of culture filtrates of Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, and Pythium ultimum, or when N-acetylglucosamine is added to the substrate. TABC2 appears to be co-regulated with some CWDE-encoding genes, suggesting that this is the first ABC transporter encoding gene involved in mycoparasitic events. It’s role in the interaction of Trichoderma with fungal hosts or plants is being investigated by targeted gene disruption and overexpression. | Lanzuise S Ruocco M Scala V Catapano L Woo S Ciliento R Ferraioli S Soriente I Vinale F Scala F Del Sorbo G Lorito M | 2004 | 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)2004，30，4： | 2 |
| 2 | Identification and characterization of Trichoderma species aggressive to Pleurotus in Italy显示文摘In the late 1980’s the deve lop ment of a severe epidemic of green mold caused by Trichoderma spp. was not ed in the commercial production of Agaricus bisporus (champignon) in the U nited Kingdom, North America, Spain and Holland, which caused extensive economic losses. The parasitic fungi isolated from the edible mushroom belonged to four biotypes, Th1, Th2, Th3 and Th4 of T. harzianum. However, among these biotypes, only Th2 (since c lassified as T. aggressivum f. europaeum) and Th4 (T. aggressivum f. aggressivum) were identified as the fungi causing problems in Agaricus production. In general, mushroom compost hosts both aggressive and innocuous is olates of Trichoderma, which are not morphologically distinguishable. Abo ut four years ago, a problem with green mold became apparent in the production o f Pleurotus ostreatus in Northern Italy, which eventually developed to a c risis situation in the South two years later and threatened to seriously comprom ise the Pleurotus market. This study was initiated to: isolate and identif y the aggressive fungi, then morphologically, physiologically and genetically characterize the isolates, dete rmine the source and phases of infection, and study methods of control. Samples were obtained from different phases of compost preparation at the locality of a major producer and supplier of compost to the mushroom industry in Southern Ital y, and microbial counts were conducted. Although the presence of Trichoderma was detected in the initial stages of composting, this value was reduced to zero from the phase of pasteurization to seeding with Pleurotus. Trichoderma infestations were noted in the packaged Pleurotus bales at various time s during the incubation phase (7-15 days after seeding) and after shipping to th e mushroom greenhouses, where the pathogen infestations greatly reduced the qual ity and quantity of the mushroom yield, as well as the number of potential harvest cycles. Preliminary r esults from the morphological and genetic characterization of Trichoderma isolates parasitic to Pleurotus indicated that they are different from bot h T. aggressivum forms parasitic to Agaricus, and the majority of the isolates probably belong to the species T. harzianum. In vitr o confrontation plates were performed with 26 isolates of aggressive Trich oderma obtained from compost, three Trichoderma isolates used in biolog ical control and 12 varieties of Pleurotus. No inhibitory effect was obse rved between any of the Trichoderma isolates with Pleurotus, althou gh some growth inhibition was caused by the biocontrol isolates of Trichoderm a on some of the aggressive isolates. The temperature optimum for Pleurotus growth was at 28 ℃, whereas Trichoderma grew well at a wider range (20- 28 ℃), and exceeded the growth rate of Pleurotus by three times at 25 ℃. T he pH optimum for the growth of Pleurotus was alkaline (pH 8-9) whereas Trichoderma preferred acidic-neutral pH (5-7) . Various commercial fungicides used in agriculture (procloraz, thiabendazole, dichloran, benomyl, p r opiconazole, thiofanatomethyl) were tested against the aggressive and biocontro l isolates of Trichoderma, as well as the different varieties of Pleuro tus to determine dose response curves and combinations that would inhibit spo re germination, mycelial growth and subsequent sporulation. Both procloraz and thiabendazole, which are pesticides allowed in e dible mushroom production, were found to control the growth of the aggressive Trichoderma isolates and did not have a negative effect on Pleurotus. | Woo S L Di Benedetto P Senatore M Abadi K Gigante S Soriente I Ferraioli S Scala F Lorito M | 2004 | 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)2004，30，4： | 2 |
| 3 | Genetic improvement of Trichoderma ability to induce systemic resistance显示文摘The beneficial applications of Trichoderma spp. in agriculture include not only the control of plant pathogens, but also the improvement of plant growth, micronutrient availability, and plant tolerance to abiotic stress. In addition, it has been suggested that these fungi are able to increase plant disease resistance by activating induced systemic resistance (ISR) . The mode of action of these beneficial fungi in the Trichoderma -plant-pathogen interaction are many, complex and not completely understood. Numerous lytic enzymes have been characterized, the encoding genes (ech42 gluc78, nag1 from T. atroviride strain P1) cloned, and their role in biocontrol demonstrated. The corresponding biocontrol-related inducible promoters have been used in a reporter system based on the Aspergillus niger glucose oxidase gene (goxA) to monitor biocontrol activity. Glucose oxidase catalyzes the oxygen-dependent oxidation of D-glucose to D-glucono-1,5-lactone and hydrogen peroxide; this latter compound is known to have an antifungal effect and activate the plant defence cascade, thus increasing resistance to pathogen attack. T. atroviride P1 transformants with various promoters gox were tested as seed coating treatments on bean seeds planted in soil infested with a soilborne fungal pathogen. Successively, the emergent leaves were inoculated with a foliar pathogen to determine the effect of the GOX transformants on biocontrol and resistance to pathogen attack. Inoculations with the P1-GOX transformants not only reduced disease symptoms caused by a soil pathogen, but also the lesions of various foliar pathogens applied far from the Trichoderma colonization, thus activating ISR. A similar approach is being use to genetically improve T. harzianum T22, a rhizosphere competent and commercially marketed strain not transformed yet, by using four different gox gene constructs under the control of constitutive and inducible promoters. Plasmids have been introduced in Trichoderma by protoplasts co-transformation. hygromicin resistant progeny selected, and mitotically stable transformants analysed to confirm the presence of the novel enzyme activity. Progenies are being tested for biocontrol ISR inducing activity. | Ciliento R Woo S L Di Benedetto P Ruocco M Scala F Soriente I Ferraioli S Brunner K Zeilinger S Mach R L Lorito M | 2004 | 浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版)2004，30，4： | 2 |
| 4 | Classes of small-world net- works显示文摘 | Amaral L Scala A Barth616my M | 2000 | PNAS2000，97，11： | 1 |
| 5 | A Small World of Neuronal Synchrony 显示文摘 | Amaral L A N Scala A Barthelemy M | 2000 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences(USA)2000，97，11： | 1 |
| 6 | The molecular biology of the interactions between Trichoderma spp,phytopathogenic fungi,and plants显示文摘 | Woo S L Scala F Ruocco M | 2006 | Phytopathology2006，96，： | 1 |
| 7 | On-line dynamic preventive control: an algorithm for transient security dispatch显示文摘 | Scala M L Trovato M Antoneli C | 1998 | IEEE Trans on Power Systems1998，13，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Clas- ses of small-world networks显示文摘 | Amaral L A N Scala A Barthelemy M | 2000 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences2000，97，11： | 1 |
| 9 | Classes of behavior of small-world networks 显示文摘 | Amaral L A N Scala A Barthelemy M | 1997 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United Station of America1997，，11： | 1 |
| 10 | Classes of behavior of small-world networks显示文摘 | Amaral L A N Scala A Barthelemy M | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 11 | Classes of small-world networks显示文摘 | AMARAL L A N SCALA A BARTHELEMY M | 2000 | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A2000，97，11： | 1 |
| 12 | Classes of small-world networks显示文摘 | Amaral L A N Scala A Barthelemy M | 2000 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences2000，97，11： | 1 |
| 13 | A static optimization approach to assess dynamic available transfer capability显示文摘 | TUGLIE E D DICORATO M SCALA M L | 2000 | IEEE Trans on Power Systems2000，15，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Classes of small- world networks显示文摘 | L A N Amaral A Scala M Barthelemy H E Stanley | 2000 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2000，97，11： | 1 |
| 15 | Classes of behavior of small-world networks 显示文摘 | Amaral L A N Scala A Barthelemy M | 2000 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2000，97，11： | 1 |
| 16 | On-line dynamic preventive control: An algorithm for transient security dispatch显示文摘 | Scala M L Trovato M Antonelli C | 1998 | IEEE Transactions on Power Systems1998，13，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Classes of small-world networks显示文摘 | Amaral L A N Scala A Barthelemy M Stanley H E | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 18 | On-line dynamic preventive control an algorithm for transient security dispatch显示文摘 | Scala M L Trovato M Antonelli C | 1998 | IEEE Transactions on Power Systems1998，13，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Classes of small-world networks 显示文摘 | AMARAL L A N SCALA A BARTHELEMY M | 2000 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2000，97，11： | 1 |
| 20 | A corrective control for angle and voltage stability enhancement on the transient time-scale 显示文摘 | Tuglie E D Dicorato M Scala M L | 2000 | IEEE Transactions on Power Systems2000，15，4： | 1 |
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