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| 1 | 法庭科学认知偏差研究:系统综述显示文摘认知偏差对法庭科学决策的影响程度是一个重要问题,对法庭科学的培训和实践活动具有重要影响。我们对法庭科学学科中关于认知偏差的文献进行了系统综述。最初的文献检索活动包括对3个数据库(2个社会科学数据库,1个科学数据库)的电子检索和对已确认论文参考文献进行的人工审查。所有文献首先由2名独立的审查员对文章的标题和摘要进行初步筛选,然后进行全文审阅,最终确定了29篇文献作为本文的主要研究对象。其中2项研究的方法论存在严重缺陷,其严重程度足以导致该研究无法提供有用的证据信息。大多数研究(22篇论文)的分析仅限于司法鉴定人(17篇)、法庭科学实习生(2篇)或司法鉴定人和学生(3篇);其他研究的实验参与者多是大学生或普通人群。11项研究涉及潜在指纹分析,在其他研究中,分别有1至3项研究涉及其他13个学科或领域。这一系列的研究成果为后续研究提供了1个强健的数据库。在已有研究中,有证据表明确认偏差会对分析人员的结论产生影响,特别是在以司法鉴定人或实习生为实验对象的研究中,当他们在得知了案件的特定信息如'犯罪嫌疑人'或犯罪场景(有9项研究对该问题进行了检验)、使用样本的程序(4项研究)或先前鉴定的结论(4项研究)等都会对其产生影响。现有研究支持司法鉴定人容易受到各种类型确认偏差影响的观点,同时认为以下做法在司法鉴定过程中具有潜在的程序价值:减少鉴定人员对无关信息的接触,控制向鉴定人员提供相关信息的顺序,使用多个比对样本而不是单个可疑样本,检验人员应在对先前鉴定结果不知情的情况下对结果实现重复。 | 曹洪林(译) 潘楚怡(译) | 2020 | 证据科学2020，28，6： | 2 |
| 2 | Impact of nutrition support on treatment outcome in patients with locally advanced head and neck squamous cell cancer treated with definitive radiotherapy: A secondary analysis of RTOG trial 90‐03显示文摘 | RachelRabinovitch BarbaraGrant Brian A.Berkey DavidRaben Kie KianAng Karen K.Fu Jay S.Cooper | 2006 | Head Neck2006，，4： | 2 |
| 3 | Management of malignant colonic polyps: A population‐based analysis of colonoscopic polypectomy versus surgery显示文摘 | Gregory S.Cooper FangXu Jill S.Barnholtz Sloan Siran M.Koroukian Mark D.Schluchter | 2012 | Cancer2012，，3： | 1 |
| 4 | Are vitamin D receptor polymorphisms associated with bone mineral density? A meta‐analysis显示文摘 | Glinda S.Cooper David M.Umbach | 2010 | J Bone Miner Res2010，，12： | 1 |
| 5 | Photogenotoxicity of Fluoroquinolones in Chinese Hamster V79 Cells: Dependency on Active Topoisomerase II显示文摘 | Ronald D.Snyder Curt S.Cooper | 2008 | Photochemistry and Photobiology2008，，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Use of prostate-specific antigen testing in Medicare beneficiaries:Association with previous evaluation显示文摘Objective:Determine uptake of prostate-specific antigen(PSA)testing in Medicare benefi-ciaries according to previous receipt of PSA testing.Methods:A 5%random sample of men aged 67 years or older without a previous diagnosis of prostate cancer was identified through 2009-2012 Medicare claims.We measured the annualized frequency of PSA screening among men due for PSA testing,stratified by PSA testing use in the previous 2 years,and clustered by ordering provider.Results:Throughout the study period,PSA testing use was consistently higher for men with previous screening than for men without previous screening.For men without previous screening,there was a decline in testing that was most pronounced in 2012.Compared with 2009,the cor-responding odds ratios were 0.98[95%confidence interval(CI)(0.96-1.00)]in 2010,0.94[95%CI(0.92-0.95)]in 2011,and 0.66[95%CI(0.65-0.68)]in 2012.In contrast,for men with previous screening,PSA testing frequency was stable from 2009 to 2011,and declined to a lesser extent in 2012[odds ratio 0.80,95%CI(0.79-0.81)].Conclusion:Receipt of PSA testing is highly dependent on whether an individual was tested in the recent past.In previously unscreened men,the largest decrease occurred in 2012,which may reflect in part the publication of US Preventive Services Task Force guidelines,but there was much less impact among men already being screened. | Gregory S.Cooper Tzuyung Doug Kou Mark D.Schluchter Avi Dor Siran M.Koroukian Simon P.Kim | 2017 | Family Medicine and Community Health2017，5，2： | 0 |
| 7 | 二氯甲烷对人类健康的影响:主要研究发现和科学问题显示文摘[背景]美国EPA的综合风险信息系统(IRIS)在2011年11月完成了对二氯甲烷毒理学综述的更新。[目的]本述评总结了这一综述中的主要结果和关键问题,包括暴露来源、识别潜在的健康影响和更新的基于生理学的药代动力学(PBPK)建模方法。[方法]对基础研究进行全面回顾,并对PBPK模型进行评价。[讨论]在若干经口和吸入暴露的动物研究中发现了肝脏毒性;神经系统的影响也是需要关注的潜在研究领域。二氯甲烷被列为可能对人类具有致癌性,其主要的证据基础是在雄性和雌性B6C3F1小鼠(吸入暴露)的两个部位(肝和肺)和雄性B6C3F1小鼠(饮用水暴露)的一个部位具有致癌作用。最近有关二氯甲烷的流行病学研究(2000年以来发表的7篇造血系统癌症研究)提供了更多的数据,增加了人们对其与非霍奇金淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤之间关联的关注。虽然数据库中仍存在诸多信息缺口,比如二氯甲烷基因毒性(即体内靶组织中的DNA加合物的形成和基因突变),DNA损伤测定的阳性结果与组织和/或物种谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)代谢活性的获得能力之间的关联,以及二氯甲烷诱发癌症的关键激活途径。IRIS评估中的创新之处在于专门针对推测的敏感基因型(GST-theta-1+/+)估计癌症风险,以及在PBPK建模中考虑生理学分布,该分布基于6个月至80岁所有个体的期望分布。[结论]2011年IRIS的二氯甲烷评估提供了对这一常用溶剂毒性的新认识。 | Paul M.Schlosser Ambuja S.Bale Catherine F.Gibbons Amina Wilkins Glinda S.Cooper | 2015 | 环境与职业医学2015，32，6： | 0 |
| 8 | Survival in men older than 75 years with low- and intermediate-grade prostate cancer managed with watchful waiting with active surveillance显示文摘Objective:Recent studies have reported the underuse of active surveillance or watchful wait-ing for low-risk prostate cancer in the United States.This study examined prostate cancer-specific and all-cause death in elderly patients older than 75 years with low-risk tumors managed with active treatment versus watchful waiting with active surveillance(WWAS).Methods:We performed survival analysis in a cohort of 18,599 men with low-risk tumors(early and localized tumors)who were 75 years or older at the time of prostate cancer diagnosis in the linked Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER)-Medicare database(from 1992 to 1998)and who were followed up through December 2003.WWAS was defined as having an-nual screening for prostate-specific antigen and/or digital rectal examination during the follow-up period.The risks of prostate cancer-specific and all-cause death were compared by Cox regression models.The propensity score matching technique was used to address potential selection bias.Results:In patients with well-differentiated(Gleason score 2-4)and localized disease,those managed with WWAS without delayed treatment had higher risk of all-cause death(hazard ratio 1.20,95%confidence interval 1.13-1.28)but a substantially lower risk of prostate cancer-specific death(hazard ratio 0.62,confidence interval 0.51-0.75)than patients undergoing active treatment.Patients managed with WWAS with delayed treatment had comparable mortality outcomes.Sensi-tivity analyses based on propensity score matching yielded similar results.Conclusion:In men older than 75 years with well-differentiated and localized prostate cancer,WWAS without delayed treatment had a lower risk of prostate cancer-specific death and compa-rable all-cause death as compared with active treatment.Those patients in whom treatment was delayed had comparable mortality outcomes.Our results support WWAS as an initial management option for older men with well-differentiated and localized prostate cancer. | Tzuyung D.Kou Siran M.Koroukian Pingfu Fu Derek Raghavan Gregory S.Cooper Li Li | 2015 | Family Medicine and Community Health2015，3，3： | 0 |
| 9 | The contradictory role of androgens in cutaneous and major burn wound healing显示文摘Wound healing is a complex process involving four overlapping phases:haemostasis,inflammation,cell recruitment and matrix remodeling.In mouse models,surgical,pharmacological and genetic approaches targeting androgen actions in skin have shown that androgens increase interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-αproduction and reduce wound re-epithelization and matrix deposition,retarding cutaneous wound healing.Similarly,clinical studies have shown that cutaneous wound healing is slower in men compared to women.However,in major burn injury,which triggers not only local wound-healing processes but also systemic hypermetabolism,the role of androgens is poorly understood.Recent studies have claimed that a synthetic androgen,oxandrolone,increases protein synthesis,improves lean body mass and shortens length of hospital stay.However,the possible mechanisms by which oxandrolone regulates major burn injury have not been reported.In this review,we summarize the current findings on the roles of androgens in cutaneous and major burn wound healing,as well as androgens as a potential therapeutic treatment option for patients with major burn injuries. | Huaikai Shi Kenny Cheer Ulla Simanainen Brian Lesmana Duncan Ma Jonathan J.Hew Roxanne J.Parungao Zhe Li Mark S.Cooper David J.Handelsman Peter K.Maitz Yiwei Wang | 2021 | Burns & Trauma2021，9，1： | 0 |
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