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| 1 | GRADE指南:Ⅰ.导论--GRADE证据概要表和结果总结表显示文摘本文是GRADE(Grading of Recommendations Assessment,Development,and Evaluation)系列文章的导论。该系列文章为使用GRADE系统提供指导,介绍如何将该系统用于系统评价、卫生技术评估(HTAs)及临床实践指南中备选方案的证据质量评价和推荐强度评级。GRADE方法始于提出一个明晰的问题,包括对所有重要结果的详细说明。证据被收集和汇总后,GRADE提供了明确的标准来评价其质量,包括研究设计、偏倚风险、不精确性、不一致性、间接性及效应量大小。根据支撑证据质量及备选方案带来的预期和非预期结果间的平衡情况,推荐强度以强/弱(或表述为'有条件的'/'任意的')作为特征。GRADE建议用简洁、透明、信息量丰富的结果总结表来汇总证据(以显示证据质量及每一重要结果的相对效应量和绝对效应量),和(或)以证据概要表形式额外提供证据质量评价理由的详细信息。本系列的后续文章涉及如何采用GRADE方法明确构建问题、评价证据质量及形成推荐意见。 | Gordon Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Elie Akl Regina Kunz Gunn Vist Jan Brozek Susan Norris Yngve Falck-Ytter Paul Glasziou Hans deBeer Roman Jaeschke David Rind Joerg Meerpohl Philipp Dahm Holger J.Schünemann GRADE工作组 李幼平 杨晓妍 蒋兰慧 沈建通 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，4： | 205 |
| 2 | GRADE指南:Ⅵ.证据质量评价--不精确性(随机误差)显示文摘GRADE建议通过检查95%可信区间(CI)为决定不精确性的最佳方法。在指南实际运用中,如果CI的上、下限值代表了真实效应,而临床实际情况与之不符时,必须降低证据质量级别(即对效应估计值的把握度)。除外当效应值很大且可信区间提示效应稳健,而总样本量不大且事件数很少的情况,其他应考虑因不精确性而降低证据质量级别。作此决定时,可计算有足够检验效能的单个试验所需的病例数(定义为'最优信息样本量',即optimal information size,OIS)。对连续型变量,我们建议用类似方法,首先考虑可信区间上、下限值,再计算OIS。系统评价(SR)所需方法略有不同。如果95%CI不包括相对危险度(RR)为1,且总事件发生数或病例数超过OIS标准,则精确性良好。如果95%CI包括了明显获益或危害(我们建议以RR值<0.75或>1.25作粗标准),即使达到OIS要求,因不精确性而降低证据质量级别较恰当。 | Gordon Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Regina Kunz Jan Brozek Pablo Alonso-Coello David Rind PJ Devereaux Victor M.Montori Bo Freyschuss Gunn Vist Roman Jaeschke John W.Williams Jr. Mohammad Hassan Murad David Sinclairk Yngve Falck-Ytter Joerg Meerpohl Craig Whittington Kristian orlund Je Andrews Holger J.Schünemann 代表GRADE工作组 李幼平 王莉 陈尹 高霑 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，12： | 43 |
| 3 | GRADE指南:Ⅸ.证据质量升级显示文摘证据质量升级的最常见原因是效应量大。当方法学严谨的观察性研究表明风险至少降低或增加2倍时,GRADE建议考虑将证据质量升高1级;当风险至少降低或增加5倍时,考虑将证据质量升高2级。当存在剂量-反应关系,或所有合理的混杂、偏倚会降低明显的治疗效应,或混杂、偏倚使得结果无效为假效应时,系统评价作者和指南制定者也可考虑升高证据质量。其他考虑因素包括起效迅速、潜在的疾病(状态)趋势以及间接证据。 | Gordon H.Guyatt Andrew D.Oxman Shahnaz Sultan Paul Glasziou Elie A.Akl Pablo Alonso-Coello David Atkins Regina Kunz Jan Brozek Victor Montori Roman Jaeschke David Rind Philipp Dahm Joerg Meerpohl Gunn Vist Elise Berliner Susan Norris Yngve Falck-Ytter M.Hassan Murad Holger J.Schünemann 代表GRADE工作组 李幼平 杨晓妍 李玲 王应强 | 2011 | 中国循证医学杂志2011，11，12： | 22 |
| 4 | 头影测量标志点位置改变对角度测量值的影响显示文摘目的 :探讨头影测量标志点在治疗前后位置的改变对角度测量值变化的实际影响。方法 :选用 48例青少年安氏 I类及 类错牙合患者治疗前后的头颅侧位片 ,以正畸临床常用的 4个具有代表性意义的角度测量项目 SNA、ANB、NAPg和 UI/ SN为因变量 ,以构成这些角度的头影测量标志点为自变量进行逐步回归分析 ,从入选回归方程的标志点及其决定系数大小判断各标志点位移对相应角度测量值的影响。结果 :上述 4个角度所作回归方程的决定系数分别为 0 .96 ,0 .95 ,0 .39和 0 .99。结论 :除了 NAPg,其它 3个角度的变化基本能反映出颌骨及牙齿在矢状方向的位置改变 ,但 SNA角的变化在一定程度上同时受 N点水平向位移的影响 ,使其反映 A点水平向位置改变的可靠性受到影响。 | 许天民 Sheldon Baum rind | 2000 | 实用口腔医学杂志2000，16，2： | 4 |
| 5 | How will Earth’s surface temperature change in future decades?显示文摘 | Lean Judith L. Rind David H | 2009 | Geophysical Research Letters2009，，15： | 2 |
| 6 | Configurations and Control of Traction Motors for Electric Vehicles:A Review显示文摘In recent decades,worldwide global warming and reduction in petroleum resources have accelerated researcher’s attention to produce alternative sustainable and environmentally clean transportation systems.Electrification of vehicular technology is capable of curbing the environmental pollution problem in an efficient and effective way,due to high efficiency electric motors,development and advancement in the field of power electronic devices,digital signal processing and advanced control techniques.This article presents a comprehensive review on different configurations/architecture of electric vehicles(EVs)and hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs),traction motors for electric propulsion system and high performance speed sensorless control of traction drive.The basic architecture key components of hybrid vehicle and different power train configurations with respect to applications and limitations are discussed.The integral part of electric propulsion system,traction motor classes for desired operational characteristics and limitations are summarized from a system perspective with the latest improvements.High performance traction motor control techniques are discussed with respect to automotive applications.Finally,speed sensorless control techniques research trends as well as an extensive review on rotor speed estimation techniques for robust and efficient sensorless traction drive control are highlighted.This article provides state of the art key global trends and tradeoff of various technologies with future trends and potential areas of research. | Saqib Jamshed Rind Yaxing Ren Yihua Hu Jibing Wang Lin Jiang | 2017 | Chinese Journal of Electrical Engineering2017，3，3： | 2 |
| 7 | Does the ocean-atmosphere system have more than one stable mode of operation? 显示文摘 | Broecker W S Peteet D M Rind D | 1985 | Nature1985，315，2： | 1 |
| 8 | Target-derived cardiotrophin-1 and insulin-like growth factor-I promote neurite growth and survival of developing oculomotor neurons显示文摘 | Rind HB von Bartheld CS | 2002 | Mol Cell Neurosci2002，19，： | 1 |
| 9 | Power frequency electric and magnetic fields from a 230 kV gas-insulated substation显示文摘 | Wong P S Rind T M Harvey S M | 1994 | IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery1994，9，3： | 1 |
| 10 | The relative importance of solar and anthropogenic forcing of climate change between the Maunder Minimum and the present 显示文摘 | Rind D | 2004 | Journal of Climate2004，17，5： | 1 |
| 11 | Complexity and Climate显示文摘 | RIND D | 1999 | Science1999，284，5411： | 1 |
| 12 | Efficient three-dimensional global model for climate studies:models Ⅰ and Ⅱ显示文摘 | Hansen J Russell G Rind D | 1983 | Mon Wea Rev1983，111，4： | 1 |
| 13 | How will Earth's surface tempera- ture change in future decades显示文摘 | Lean J L Rind D H | 2009 | Geophysical Research Letters2009，36，15： | 1 |
| 14 | Complexity and climate 显示文摘 | RIND D | 1999 | Science1999，284，： | 1 |
| 15 | GDNF increases the survival of developing oeulomotor neurons through a target- derived mechanism显示文摘 | Chen J Butowt R Rind HB | 2003 | Mol Cell Neurosci2003，24，： | 1 |
| 16 | How Natural and Anthropogenic Influences Alter Global and Regional Surface Temperatures:1889 to 2006显示文摘 | Lean J L Rind D H | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 17 | How will Earth's Surface Temperature Change in Future Decades显示文摘 | Lean J L Rind D H | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 18 | Complexity and climates显示文摘 | Rind D | 1999 | Science1999，284，2： | 1 |
| 19 | The Sun's role in climate variations显示文摘 | Rind D | 2002 | Science2002，296，： | 1 |
| 20 | Potential evapotranspiration and the likelihood of future drought显示文摘 | Goldberg R Hansen J | 1990 | Journal of Geophysical research1990，95，10： | 1 |
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