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| 1 | 钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白-2抑制剂或胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂治疗成人2型糖尿病:临床实践指南显示文摘临床问题对于存在不同心血管风险及肾脏结局的2型糖尿病患者,在原有生活方式干预和/或其他降糖药物的基础上加用钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂的获益及风险是什么?现行做法几十年来,2型糖尿病的治疗决策都以控制血糖为主导。SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂在传统观念中常被用于二甲双胍治疗后血糖仍控制不佳的患者。目前这一现状已经发生了改变,这得益于多项临床研究结果。研究显示SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂拥有独立于药物降糖作用之外的对于动脉粥样硬化性心血管病(CVD)和慢性肾脏病(CKD)的获益。建议本指南阐述了针对不同风险分层的成人2型糖尿病患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂的建议。•伴有3种或更少的心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:不建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂或GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•伴有3种以上心血管风险因素且不存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,不建议启动GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD或CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•已经存在CVD和CKD:建议启动SGLT-2抑制剂治疗(推荐等级:强)和GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)•对于那些想要进一步降低CVD和CKD结局风险的患者:推荐优先启用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗而非GLP-1受体激动剂治疗。(推荐等级:弱)这项指南是如何制订的一个由患者、临床医生和方法学家共同组成的国际小组提出了这些推荐意见。这些推荐意见基于可信度较高的指南的标准,并使用GRADE分级方法进行评估。该小组采用了息者个体化的观点。证据一项关于获益与风险的系统综述和网络meta分析(764项随机对照研究,包括421346例参与者)发现SGLT-2抑制剂和GLP-1受体激动剂可以降低总体死亡率、心肌梗死发生率、终末期肾病或肾衰竭的发生率(中等至高等质量的证据)。在不同的亚组中这些药物对卒中、因心力衰竭所致住院和其他主要不良事件有不同的影响。药物绝对获益的程度因患者个体风险的不同有很大的差异。(例如,对于接受了超过5年药物治疗的1000例患者,在最低风险人群中死亡人数减少了5人,在最高风险人群中死亡人数减少了48人)。一项关于预后的综述确认了14种风险预测模型,其中一种(RECODe)在证据总结中报告了大部分基线风险评估数据,小组利用该模型以支持风险分层的建议。考虑到患者的价值观及个体差异,指南推荐的支撑证据包括一项对已发表论文的系统综述、一项患者焦点小组研究、一项临床问题总结,以及一项指南调查。指南解读我们依据不同的CVD和CKD风险水平,综合考虑获益、风险和其他因素的平衡,以及每一个风险组别的实际问题,来对推荐意见进行分层。本指南强烈建议CVD和CKD患者使用SGLT-2抑制剂治疗,这说明专家组认为其具有显著的获益。而对于其他成人2型糖尿病患者,推荐等级较弱,这说明专家组想要在获益、风险及治疗花费上取得一个更好的平衡。临床医生通过该指南可以使用可靠的风险计算模型,如RECODe,来明确其患者的个体心血管和肾脏疾病风险。医患交互式总结临床证据和制订决策有助于患者知晓治疗选择,包括进行共同决策。2型糖尿病人群(全球患病率不断增长1-2)正面临着不断增加的心血管疾病、肾脏病和其他并发症的风险3。数十年来,2型糖尿病的管理始终以控制血糖及糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)为治疗目标4-5,但是,最近的高质量随机对照研究已经对这种以血糖为中心的治疗模式发起了挑战。研究结果显示,强化血糖控制未必会降低大血管不良事件,它还可能带来不利影响监管机构现在要求新型糖尿病药物必须证明其具有心血管和肾脏获益才能获得批准。对两类新药--钠-葡萄糖共转运蛋白2(SGLT-2)抑制剂和胰高血糖素样肽1(GLP-1)受体激动剂(见框图1)的临床试验结果显示,在现有治疗方案(常规治疗)之上加用这些药物,对死亡、心肌梗死、卒中、心力衰竭和肾脏的结局(如进展为终末期肾病)都有获益8-12。 | Sheyu Li Per Olav Vandvik Lyubov Lytvyn Gordon H Guyatt Suetonia C Palmer Rene Rodriguez-Gutierrez Farid Foroutan Thomas Agoritsas Reed A C Siemieniuk Michael Walsh Lawrie Frere David J Tunnicliffe Evi V Nagler Veena Manja Bjφrn Olav Asvold Vivekanand Jha Mieke Vermandere Karim Gariani Qian Zhao Yan Ren Emma Jane Cartwright Patrick Gee Alan Wickes Linda Fems Robin Wright Ling Li Qiukui Hao Reem A Mustafa 无 郭鹤鸣(译) | 2021 | 英国医学杂志中文版2021，24，9： | 7 |
| 2 | 直接评估吗啡刺激糖尿病人隐静脉内皮一氧化氮释放减少显示文摘to directly measure in real time basal and stimulated levels of NO released from human saphenous vein endothelium and to quantify the expression of the μopiate receptor, which has been linked with NO release. METHODS: Saphenous vein segments from patients with type 2 diabetes ( n = 12) and patients without diabetes (n =8) were obtained. The release of NO was measured directly from the endothelium using a NO-specific amperometric probe. NΩ-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 0.1 mmol/L), a NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor, or morphine (1 μmol/L), a stimulant, was administered and the measurements were repeated. Values were reported relative to the mean initial measurement of NO release from diabetic endothelium, which was defined as the relative zero level of NO release. A RT-PCR was then performed on the endothelium to measureμ opiate receptor expression. RESULTS: Diabetic patients (n = 12) showed a relative and significantly diminished basal level of released NO, (0.049± 0.012) nmol/L, compared | Thomas V BILHNGER, James A VOSSWINKEL, Patrick CADET, Christos M RIALAS, Harold I MAGAZINE, George B STEFANO(Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Hospital and Medical Center, HSC, T19-080, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8191 Neuroscience Research Institute, State University of New York College at Old Westbury, Old Westbury, New York , USA) | 2002 | Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2002，23，2： | 3 |
| 3 | The PolyMAX frequency domain method: a new standard for modal parameter estimation 显示文摘 | BART P HERMAN V D A PATRICK G | 2004 | Shock and Vibration2004，，11： | 1 |
| 4 | Perceived stress, intemal resources,and social support as determinants of mental health among young adults显示文摘 | Patrick A B Chamot E Thomas V P | 2004 | Quality Life Res2004，13，6： | 1 |
| 5 | Extensive Validation of the Pain Disability Index in 3 Groups of Patients with Musculoskeletal Pain显示文摘 | Remko S Albere J A Patrick V | 2013 | Spine2013，38，9： | 1 |
| 6 | The PloyMAX frequency domain method:a new standard for modal parameter estimation显示文摘 | Bart P Herman V D A Patrick G | 2004 | Shock and Vibration2004，，11： | 1 |
| 7 | Experimental flow loop investigations of gas hydrate formation in high water cut systems显示文摘 | JOSHI Sanjeev V GRASSO Giovanny A LAFOND Patrick G | 2013 | Chemical Engineering Science2013，97，： | 1 |
| 8 | May: software unit test coverage and adequacy显示文摘 | HONG Zhu PATRICK A V Hall JOHN H R | 1997 | ACM Computing Surveys1997，29，4： | 1 |
| 9 | Exact deconvolution for multiple convolution operators-an overview, plus perform ance characterizations for imaging sensors显示文摘 | Berensteln C A Patrick E V | 1990 | Proceedings of the IEEE1990，78，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Perceived stress, internal resources,and social support as determinants of mental health among young adults 显示文摘 | Patrick A Eric Chamot Thomas V | 2004 | Quality of Life Research2004，13，6： | 1 |
| 11 | Surgical options in ICHincluding decompressive craniotomy 显示文摘 | Patrick M Barbara A G Raghu R V | 2007 | Neurological Sciences2007，261，12： | 1 |
| 12 | Probabilistic environmental risk assessment of zinc in Dutch surface water显示文摘 | Patrick A V Frederik A M Peter A V | 2004 | Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry2004，23，29： | 1 |
| 13 | Perceived stress, internal resources, and social supports determinants of mental health among young adults显示文摘 | Patrick A Bovier Eric Chamot Thomas V Pemeger | 2004 | Qual Life Res2004，13，： | 1 |
| 14 | Human Paragonimiasis After Eating Raw or Undercooked Crayfish - Missouri, July 2006-September 2010显示文摘 | Patrick S L Turabelidze G Marx H Grim A Lane M A Weil G J Bailey T C ?nen N F Demertzis L M Tuteur P G Hayes E V Davila S Z Folk S M Mitchem R E Kammerer E Fannon L P Jones J L Wilkins P P Lo Y C | 2010 | MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report2010，，： | 1 |
| 15 | Downregulation of XPF-ERCC1 enhances cispla- tin efficacy in cancer cells显示文摘 | Arora S Kothandapani A Tillison K Kalman-Maltese V Patrick S M | 2010 | DNA Repair (Amst)2010，9，7： | 1 |
| 16 | Perceived stress, internal resources, and social support as determinants of mental health among young adults显示文摘 | Patrick A Bovier Eric Chamot Thomas V Pemeger | 2004 | Quality Life Research2004，13，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Detection of Penicillium expansum by polymerase chain reaction显示文摘 | Patrick M Thirunavukkarasu A Kumar V | 2003 | International Journal of Food Microbiology2003，89，： | 1 |
| 18 | Penalized-Likelihood sinogram restoration for computed tomography 显示文摘 | PATRICK J L R JUNGUO 13 PHILL1P A V | 2006 | IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging2006，25，8： | 1 |
| 19 | Organic acids produced by mycorrhizal Pinus sylvestris exposed to elevated aluminium and heavy metal concentrations显示文摘 | Jonnarth U A Patrick A W Hees V | 2008 | New Phytologist2008，146，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Top-down production of drug nanocrystals : nanosuspension stabilization, miniaturization and transformation into solid products显示文摘 | Bernard V E Guy V M Patrick A | 2008 | International Journal of Pharmaceutics2008，364，： | 1 |
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