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| 1 | Multimodal alarm behavior in urban and rural gray squirrels studied by means of observation and a mechanical robot显示文摘Urbanization of animal habitats has the potential to affect the natural communication systems of any species able tosurvive in the changed environment. Urban animals such as squirrels use multiple signal channels to communicate, but it is unknownhow urbanization has affected these behaviors. Multimodal communication, involving more than one sensory modality,can be studied by use of biomimetic mechanical animal models that are designed to simulate the multimodal signals and be presentedto animal subjects in the field. In this way the responses to the various signal components can be compared and contrastedto determine whether the multimodal signal is made up of redundant or nonredundant components. In this study, we presentedwild gray squirrels in relatively urban and relatively rural habitats in Western Massachusetts with a biomimetic squirrel modelthat produced tail flags and alarm barks in a variety of combinations. We found that the squirrels responded to each unimodalcomponent on its own, the bark and tail flag, but they responded most to the complete multimodal signal, containing both theacoustic and the moving visual components, providing evidence that in this context the signal components are redundant and thattheir combination elicits multimodal enhancement. We expanded on the results of Partan et al. (2009) by providing data on signalingbehavior in the presence and absence of conspecifics, suggesting that alarm signaling is more likely if conspecifics arepresent. We found that the squirrels were more active in the urban habitats and that they responded more to tail flagging in theurban habitats as compared to the rural ones, suggesting the interesting possibility of a multimodal shift from reliance on audio tovisual signals in noisier more crowded urban habitats [Current Zoology 56 (3): 313-326, 2010]. | Sarah R.PARTAN Andrew G FULMER Maya A.M.GOUNARD Jake E.REDMOND | 2010 | Current Zoology2010，56，3： | 4 |
| 2 | Complete Degradation of Perchlorate in Ferric Chloride and Hydrochloric Acid under Controlled Temperature and Pressure显示文摘 | Gu B Brown G M Maya L | 2003 | Environmental Science & Technology2003，37，10： | 1 |
| 3 | Simulating the effect of illumination using color transformations显示文摘 | Maya R G | 2005 | Preceedings of SPIE-IS&T Electronic Imnging SPIE2005，5674，： | 1 |
| 4 | Platelet inhibition with ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in Hispanic patients w ith stable coronary artery disease w ith or w ithout diabetes mellitus显示文摘 | Clavijo LC Maya J Carlson G | 2015 | Cardiovasc Revasc M ed2015，16，8： | 1 |
| 5 | Covalent attachment of gold nanoparticles to DNA templates 显示文摘 | Stevenson K A Muralidharan G Maya L | 2002 | J Nanosci and Nanotech2002，2，34： | 1 |
| 6 | The role C4 metabolism in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum 显示文摘 | Maya H D Nitsan G Daniela E | 2013 | New Phytologist2013，197，： | 1 |
| 7 | Syntheses of sodium 2-acylamino-2,6-dideoxy-d-glucopyranose-6-sul- phonates显示文摘 | FERNANDEZ B J MAYA C I FERNANDEZ B G J | 1988 | Carbohydrate Research1988，173，： | 1 |
| 8 | IPAA-related sepsis significantly increases morbidity of ileoanal pouch excision显示文摘 | Maya AM Boutros M DaSilva G | 2015 | Dis Colon Rectum2015，58，5： | 1 |
| 9 | Gadoliniumenhanced 3D MRA of the aortic arch vessels in the detection of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular occlusive disease显示文摘 | Maya M Rofsky N | 1998 | J Comput Assist Tomogr1998，22，： | 1 |
| 10 | Hepatitis B virus genotypes distribution among chronic hepatitis B virus carriers in Shanghai显示文摘 | Ding X Mizokami Maya G | 2001 | China Intervirol2001，44，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Genetic study of the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 2 ( MCHR2 ) in childhood and adulthood severe obesity 显示文摘 | Maya G Vincent V Cecile L | 2007 | J Clin Endocrin Metab2007，92，11： | 1 |
| 12 | Exploring policy Optionsfor a Transition to Sustainable Heating System Diffusion Using an Agent-based Simulation显示文摘 | Maya Sopha B Klockner C A Hertwich E G | 2011 | Energy Policy2011，39，5： | 1 |
| 13 | Recent progress in facial paralysis:advances and obstacles显示文摘 | Maya G Sardesai Kris S Moe | 2010 | Current Opinion in Otoiaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery2010，18，4： | 1 |
| 14 | Chemical speciation in concentrated alkalino aluminate solutions in sodium, potassium and caesium media: Interpretation of the unusual variations of the observed hydroxide activity显示文摘 | SIPOS P SCHIBECI M PEINTLER G MAYA P M HEFTERA G | 2006 | Dalton Transactions2006，15，6： | 1 |
| 15 | Gadolinium-enhanced 3D MRA of the aortic arch vessels in the detection of atherosclerotic cerebrovascular occlusive disease显示文摘 | Maya M Rofsky N | 1998 | J Comput Assist Tomogr1998，22，： | 1 |
| 16 | BNP or NT-pro BNP a clinician's perspective显示文摘 | Johannes S Maya G | 2008 | International J Cardiology2008，129，1： | 1 |
| 17 | Discount Rates in Vietnam 显示文摘 | Anderson C L Maya D Andrew G | 2004 | Economic Development and Cultural Change2004，52，： | 1 |
| 18 | Extraction of flame retardants from electronic printed circuit board by supercritical carbon dioxide显示文摘 | Wang H T Maya H Motonobu G | 2004 | The Journal of Supercritical Fluids2004，29，： | 1 |
| 19 | Extraction of flame retardants from electronic printed circuit board by supercritical carbon dioxide显示文摘 | Wang H T Maya H Motonobu G | 2004 | The Journal of Supercritical Fluids2004，29，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Sterols from Salsola collina显示文摘 | Maya T I Leont'eva V G Zharkaya T I | 1984 | Khim Prir Soedin1984，，4： | 1 |
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