| 4 | The evolving species concepts used for yeasts:from phenotypes and genomes to speciation networks显示文摘Here we review how evolving species concepts have been applied to understand yeast diversity.Initially,a phenotypic species concept was utilized taking into consideration morphological aspects of colonies and cells,and growth profiles.Later the biological species concept was added,which applied data from mating experiments.Biophysical measurements of DNA similarity between isolates were an early measure that became more broadly applied with the advent of sequencing technology,leading to a sequence-based species concept using comparisons of parts of the ribosomal DNA.At present phylogenetic species concepts that employ sequence data of rDNA and other genes are universally applied in fungal taxonomy,including yeasts,because various studies revealed a relatively good correlation between the biological species concept and sequence divergence.The application of genome information is becoming increasingly common,and we strongly recommend the use of complete,rather than draft genomes to improve our understanding of species and their genome and genetic dynamics.Complete genomes allow in-depth comparisons on the evolvability of genomes and,consequently,of the species to which they belong.Hybridization seems a relatively common phenomenon and has been observed in all major fungal lineages that contain yeasts.Note that hybrids may greatly differ in their post-hybridization development.Future in-depth studies,initially using some model species or complexes may shift the traditional species concept as isolated clusters of genetically compatible isolates to a cohesive speciation network in which such clusters are interconnected by genetic processes,such as hybridization. | Teun Boekhout M.Catherine Aime Dominik Begerow Toni Gabaldón Joseph Heitman Martin Kemler Kantarawee Khayhan Marc-AndréLachance Edward J.Louis Sheng Sun Duong Vu Andrey Yurkov | 2021 | Fungal Diversity2021，，4： | 0 |
| 6 | Molecular phylogeny, morphology, pigment chemistry and ecology in Hygrophoraceae (Agaricales)显示文摘Molecular phylogenies using 1–4 gene regions and information on ecology,morphology and pigment chemistry were used in a partial revision of the agaric family Hygrophoraceae.The phylogenetically supported genera we recognize here in the Hygrophoraceae based on these and previous analyses are:Acantholichen,Ampulloclitocybe,Arrhenia,Cantharellula,Cantharocybe,Chromosera,Chrysomphalina,Cora,Corella,Cuphophyllus,Cyphellostereum,Dictyonema,Eonema,Gliophorus,Haasiella,Humidicutis,Hygroaster,Hygrocybe,Hygrophorus,Lichenomphalia,Neohygrocybe,Porpolomopsis and Pseudoarmillariella.A new genus that is sister to Chromosera is described as Gloioxanthomyces.Revisions were made at the ranks of subfamily,tribe,genus,subgenus,section and subsection.We present three new subfamilies,eight tribes(five new),eight subgenera(one new,one new combination and one stat.nov.),26 sections(five new and three new combinations and two stat.nov.)and 14 subsections(two new,two stat.nov.).Species of Chromosera,Gliophorus,Humidicutis,and Neohygrocybe are often treated within the genus Hygrocybe;we therefore provide valid names in both classification systems.We used a minimalist approach in transferring genera and creating new names and combinations.Consequently,we retain in the Hygrophoraceae the basal cuphophylloid grade comprising the genera Cuphophyllus,Ampulloclitocybe andCantharocybe,despite weak phylogenetic support.We include Aeruginospora and Semiomphalina in Hygrophoraceae based on morphology though molecular data are lacking.The lower hygrophoroid clade is basal to Hygrophoraceae s.s.,comprising the genera Aphroditeola,Macrotyphula,Phyllotopsis,Pleurocybella,Sarcomyxa,Tricholomopsis and Typhula. | D.Jean Lodge Mahajabeen Padamsee P.Brandon Matheny M.Catherine Aime Sharon A.Cantrell David Boertmann Alexander Kovalenko Alfredo Vizzini Bryn T.M.Dentinger Paul M.Kirk A.Martyn Ainsworth Jean-Marc Moncalvo Rytas Vilgalys Ellen Larsson Robert Lücking Gareth W.Griffith Matthew E.Smith Lorelei L.Norvell Dennis E.Desjardin Scott A.Redhead Clark L.Ovrebo Edgar B.Lickey Enrico Ercole Karen W.Hughes Régis Courtecuisse Anthony Young Manfred Binder Andrew M.Minnis Daniel L.Lindner Beatriz Ortiz-Santana John Haight Thomas Læssøe Timothy J.Baroni József Geml Tsutomu Hattori | 2014 | Fungal Diversity2014，，1： | 0 |
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