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| 1 | BIG DATA:UNLEASHING INFORMATION显示文摘At present,it is projected that about 4 zettabytes(or 10**21 bytes)of digital data are being generated per year by everything from underground physics experiments to retail transactions to security cameras to global positioning systems.In the U.S.,major research programs are being funded to deal with big data in all five sectors(i.e.,services,manufacturing,construction,agriculture and mining)of the economy.Big Data is a term applied to data sets whose size is beyond the ability of available tools to undertake their acquisition,access,analytics and/or application in a reasonable amount of time.Whereas Tien(2003)forewarned about the data rich,information poor(DRIP)problems that have been pervasive since the advent of large-scale data collections or warehouses,the DRIP conundrum has been somewhat mitigated by the Big Data approach which has unleashed information in a manner that can support informed-yet,not necessarily defensible or valid-decisions or choices.Thus,by somewhat overcoming data quality issues with data quantity,data access restrictions with on-demand cloud computing,causative analysis with correlative data analytics,and model-driven with evidence-driven applications,appropriate actions can be undertaken with the obtained information.New acquisition,access,analytics and application technologies are being developed to further Big Data as it is being employed to help resolve the 14 grand challenges(identified by the National Academy of Engineering in 2008),underpin the 10 breakthrough technologies(compiled by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 2013)and support the Third Industrial Revolution of mass customization. | James M.TIEN | 2013 | Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering2013，22，2： | 34 |
| 2 | THE NEXT INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:INTEGRATED SERVICES AND GOODS显示文摘经济的产量或产品能被划分成服务产品和商品产品(由于生产,构造,农业和采矿) 。迄今为止,通常,服务和商品产品是独立集体的生产。与分别地集中了于发展和商品的大量生产的第一和第二条工业革命相对照,然而,下一个或第三条工业革命集中于服务或商品的集成;它在第 21 世纪的这第二十年正在开始。第三条工业革命(TIR ) 基于三主要工艺的 enablers 的融合(即,大数据分析学,适应服务并且数字生产) ;他们支撑集成或服务或商品的集体定制。是在一份更早的报纸详细说明了,我们认为集体定制是供应和需求链的同时、即时的管理,基于一个分类,那能以它的 underpinning 部件和管理 foci 被定义。即时集体定制的好处不能作为商品被说大话,服务变得难区分,导致压到优势的经济并且作为 servgoods 在是 co-produced 消费顾客的工业化国家的即时优点同时 co-producing 制片人。 | James M.TIEN | 2012 | Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering2012，21，3： | 16 |
| 3 | MANUFACTURING AND SERVICES:FROM MASS PRODUCTION TO MASS CUSTOMIZATION显示文摘Manufacturing and services constitute two of the five sectors of every country's economy;depending on the maturity of the economy,they are-in terms of employment-typically the two largest sectors.The outputs or products of an economy can also be divided into goods products(due to manufacturing,construction,agriculture and mining) and services products.To date,the goods and services products have,for the most part,been mass produced;it is the premise of this paper that recent technological advances-including flexible manufacturing,cloud computing,nanotechnology and smart sensing-can better enable the transformation from mass production to mass customization.We regard mass customization as the simultaneous and real time management of supply and demand chains,based on a taxonomy that can be defined in terms of its underpinning component and management foci.From a components perspective,we first consider the value chain of supplier,manufacturer,assembler,retailer,and customer,and then develop a consistent set of definitions for supply and demand chains based on the location of the customer order penetration point.From a management perspective,we classify the methods that are employed in the management of these chains,based on whether supply and/or demand are flexible or fixed.Interestingly,our management taxonomy highlights a very critical research area at which both supply and demand are flexible,thus manageable.Simultaneous management of supply and demand chains sets the stage for mass customization which is concerned with meeting the needs of an individualized customer market.Simultaneous and real time management of supply and demand chains set the stage for real time mass customization(e.g.,wherein a tailor first laser scans an individual's upper torso and then delivers a uniquely fitted jacket within a reasonable period,while the individual is waiting).The benefits of real time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced-as 'servgoods'-in real time,resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage. | James M.TIEN | 2011 | Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering2011，20，2： | 15 |
| 4 | A CASE FOR SERVICE SYSTEMS ENGINEERING显示文摘A case is made for further developing a branch of systems engineering that focuses on problemsand issues which arise in the service sector. We promulgate this special focus not only because of thesize and importance of the service sector but also because of the unique opportunities that systemsengineering can exploit in the design and joint production and delivery of services. We begin byconsidering the economic, technological and demographic contexts within which the service sectorhas flourished; we then address both services, especially emerging services, and systems engineering,followed by a discussion of how to advance the field of service systems engineering, and concludingwith several remarks. In particular, a number of service systems engineering methods are identified toenhance the design and production/delivery of services, especially taking advantage of the uniquefeatures that characterize services - namely, services, especially emerging services, are information-driven, customer-centric, e-oriented, and productivity-focused. | James M.TIEN Daniel BERG | 2003 | Systems Science and Systems Engineering2003，12，1： | 13 |
| 5 | ON INTEGRATION AND ADAPTATION IN COMPLEX SERVICE SYSTEMS显示文摘服务性行业在工业化国家采用工人的一个大、成长的比例,并且它逐渐地依赖于信息和通讯技术。当生产和服务的互相依赖,类似和补充是重要的时,商品和服务之间有可观的差别,包括在到集体定制的从大量生产的焦点的移动(一种服务由此响应一个顾客被生产并且交付,说了或把归咎于需要) 。一般来说,服务能被认为是作为供应商一起工作的知识集中的代理人或部件,创造的消费者或共同生产珍视。象生产系统一样,一个有效服务系统一定是系统的一个综合系统,导致更大的连接和互相依赖。集成必须在物理、时间、组织上、功能的尺寸上发生,并且必须包括担心部件,管理,和系统的方法。而且,一个有效服务系统一定也是一个能适应的系统,导致更大的价值和应答的海角。改编必须发生在监视的尺寸上,反馈,控制论并且学习,并且必须包括担心空间,时间,和系统的方法。简言之,服务系统是确实复杂的,特别由于与如此的系统的以人为中心的方面联系的不确定性。而且,系统复杂性能仅仅被处理提高系统集成和改编的方法。纸与几卓见得出结论,包括转移开发为为进一步开发服务的一条系统工程途径的服务的一门科学或学科的当前的错放的焦点的一个请求,一条途径基于集成和改编大量科学或学科(例如,物理,数学,统计,心理学,社会学,等等)。事实上,被要求的,是服务相关的 transdisciplinary - 远非一个单身者所及纪律 - 本体论或分类作为纪律集成和改编的一个基础。 | James M.TIEN | 2008 | Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering2008，17，4： | 10 |
| 6 | ON SERVICES RESEARCH AND EDUCATION显示文摘The importance of the services sector can not be overstated; it employs 82.1 percent of the U. S. workforce and 69 percent of graduates from an example technological university. Yet, university research and education have not followed suit. Clearly, services research and education deserve our critical attention and support since services – and services innovation – serve as an indispensable engine for global economic growth. The theme of this paper is that we can and should build services research and education on what has occurred in manufacturing research (especially in regard to customization and intellectual property) and education; indeed, services and manufactured goods become indistinguishable as they are jointly co-produced in real-time. Fortunately, inasmuch as manufacturing concepts, methodologies and technologies have been developed and refined over a long period of time (i.e., since the 1800s), the complementary set of concepts, methodologies and technologies for services are more obvious. However, while new technologies (e.g., the Internet) and globalization trends have served to enable, if not facilitate, services innovation, the same technologies (e.g., the Internet) and 21st Century realities (e.g., terrorism) are making services innovation a far more complex problem and, in fact, may be undermining previous innovations in both services and manufacturing. Finally, there is a need to define a “knowledge-adjusted” GDP metric that can more adequately measure the growing knowledge economy, one driven by intangible ideas and services innovation. | James M.TIEN Daniel BERG | 2006 | Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering2006，15，3： | 5 |
| 7 | INTERNET OF CONNECTED SERVGOODS:CONSIDERATIONS,CONSEQUENCES AND CONCERNS显示文摘In an earlier paper(Tien 2012),the author augurs that,in contrast to the first and second industrial revolutions which respectively focused on the development and the mass production of goods,the next-or third-industrial revolution is focused on the integration of services and/or goods;it began in this second decade of the 21 st Century.The Third Industrial Revolution(TIR) is underpinned by the integration or mass customization of services and/or goods.The benefits of real-time mass customization cannot be over-stated as goods and services become indistinguishable and are co-produced as 'ServGoods',resulting in an overwhelming economic advantage to the industrialized countries where the consuming customers are at the same time the co-producing producers.Adding sensors to these ServGoods and letting them connect or communicate among themselves or with other ServGoods can result in an Internet of Things(i.e.,connected ServGoods).A number of considerations,consequences and concerns relating to such an Internet of Connected ServGoods are discussed herein. | James M.Tien | 2015 | Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering2015，24，2： | 5 |
| 8 | Toward the Fourth Industrial Revolution on Real-Time Customization显示文摘The outputs of a national economy can be partitioned into three sets of products:tangible goods(due to manufacturing,construction,extraction and agriculture),intangible services(due to an act of useful effort),and an integration of services and goods or,as initially defined by Tien(2012),servgoods.Actually,these products can also be considered in terms of their relation to the first three Industrial Revolutions:the First Industrial Revolution(circa 1800)was primarily focused on the production of goods;the Second Industrial Revolution(circa 1900)was primarily focused on the mass production of goods;and the Third Industrial Revolution(circa 2000)has been primarily focused on the mass customization of goods,services or servgoods.In this follow-up paper,the Third Industrial Revolution of mass customization continues to accelerate in its evolution and,in many respects,is subsuming the earlier Industrial Revolutions of production and mass production.More importantly,with the advent of real-time decision making,artificial intelligence,Internet of Things,mobile networks,and other advanced digital technologies,customization has been extensively enabled,thereby advancing mass customization into a Fourth Industrial Revolution of real-time customization.Moreover,the moral,ethical,security and employment problems associated with both mass and real-time customization must be carefully assessed and mitigated,especially in regard to unintended consequences.Looking ahead and with the advance of artificial general intelligence,this Fourth Industrial Revolution could be forthcoming in about the middle of the 21st Century;it would allow for multiple activities to be simultaneously tackled in real-time and in a customized manner. | James M.Tien | 2020 | Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering2020，29，2： | 4 |
| 9 | Convergence to real-time decision making显示文摘Real-time decision making reflects the convergence of several digital technologies,including those concerned with the promulgation of artificial intelligence and other advanced technologies that underpin real-time actions.More specifically,real-time decision making can be depicted in terms of three converging dimensions:Internet of Things,decision making,and real-time.The Internet of Things include tangible goods,intangible services,ServGoods,and connected ServGoods.Decision making includes model-based analytics(since before 1990),information-based Big Data(since 1990),and training-based artificial intelligence(since 2000),and it is bolstered by the evolving real-time technologies of sensing(i.e.,capturing streaming data),processing(i.e.,applying real-time analytics),reacting(i.e.,making decisions in real-time),and learning(i.e.,employing deep neural networks).Real-time includes mobile networks,autonomous vehicles,and artificial general intelligence.Central to decision making,especially real-time decision making,is the ServGood concept,which the author introduced in an earlier paper(2012).It is a physical product or good encased by a services layer that renders the good more adaptable and smarter for a specific purpose or use.Addition of another communication sensors layer could further enhance its smartness and adaptiveness.Such connected ServGoods constitute a solid foundation for the advanced products of tomorrow which can further display their growing intelligence through real-time decisions. | James M.TIEN | 2020 | Frontiers of Engineering Management2020，7，2： | 0 |
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