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1利用PRECIS分析SRES B2情景下中国区域的气候变化响应显示文摘利用Hadley气候预测与研究中心的区域气候模式系统PRECIS单向嵌套该中心全球海.气耦合气候模式HadCM3高分辨率的大气部分HadAM3P,分析PRECIS对中国区域当代气候的模拟能力和SRESB2情景下2071-2100时段(2080s)相对于气候基准时段(1961~1990年)中国区域的气候变化响应.气候基准时段的模拟结果与观测资料的对比分析表明:PRECIS能够很好地模拟中国区域地面气温的局地分布特征;总体上讲,PRECIS对中国北方地区降水的模拟效果优于南方地区,模拟的冬季降水型态分布较好,而夏季降水对地形比较敏感,东南沿海地区降水的模拟值偏低.对SRESB2情景下相对于气候基准时段的气候变化响应分析表明:2080s中国北方地区增温幅度明显大于南方,西北和东北地区尤为显著,其夏季平均气温增幅可达50℃以上;中国大部分地区降水量呈增加趋势;冬季华南地区降水量明显减少;夏季东北和华北地区气温增幅大而降水量减少明显,而长江以南地区降水量显著增加.许吟隆 张勇 林一骅 林而达 林万涛 董文杰 Richard Jones David Hassell Simon Wilson 2006科学通报2006,51,17:86
2中医药临床随机对照试验报告规范(征求意见稿)显示文摘1 制订中医药临床随机对照试验报告规范(CONSORT for TCM)的必要性中医对疾病及其治疗的认识有别于西医,尤其中医“辨证论治”和“临证察机”的治疗原则比西医分型分类更加复杂,其临床研究因而有不同于西医的特点。但无论多么复杂,随机对照试验(RCT)仍是目前公认的中医药防治性研究偏倚可能性最小的设计方案。由于中医药临床试验采用RCT方案仅约30年,试验设计还需要深人探索,试验结果报告还不规范。2005年,中国循证医学中心对中医药临床“随机对照试验”的主要研究者进行电话采访,调查随机方法正确性。吴泰相 李幼平 卞兆祥 李廷谦 李静 Simon Dagenais David Moher 2007中国循证医学杂志2007,7,8:122
3提高中草药随机对照试验的质量Ⅰ:临床试验设计和方法学(英文)显示文摘目的:通过对中草药临床随机对照试验的设计及方法学进行质量评价,探讨如何提高中草药临床试验的质量。方法:文献检索2005年7月前发表于Cochrane图书馆的中草药系统评价共11篇,包含167个中草药临床随机对照试验。质量评价方法采用修订版CONSORT声明9项指标以及中草药剂型及质量控制标准指标。结果:所有167个临床试验都含有试验目的、方法、第1结局指标、统计学方法及中药剂型;其中163(97.6%)个临床试验说明了研究对象的纳入标准,只有26(15.6%)个临床试验说明了研究对象的排除标准;只有14(8.4%)个临床试验详细说明了随机序列的产生方法;4(2.4%)个临床试验提及了随机分配隐藏;绝大部分的临床试验(86.8%)属于开放性的,只有13.2%的临床试验采用了盲法设计;只有1个临床试验在试验前进行了样本含量的计算;在中草药剂型方面,45.5%的临床试验使用的是汤剂或中药茶包,只有1个临床试验提及了制剂的质量控制。在167个临床试验中,所有质量评价指标的涉及率只有36.0%。结论:现阶段中草药临床随机对照试验的质量还很低。建议:(1)试验设计者及实施者必须接受正规的临床试验基础知识的培训;(2)推荐采用临床试验设计流程图,逐一解决临床试验过程中的关键问题;(3)在方案正式实施前进行预试验,并根据预试验的结果对临床试验设计方案进行调整;(4)对临床试验设计的最终方案进行注册登记,并预先发表(最好是网上发表)临床试验设计方案;(5)广泛开展国际合作,特别是与对中医药研究感兴趣的国际知名学术研究机构进行合作,以提高中草药临床研究的质量。卞兆祥 李幼平 David MOHER Simon DAGENAIS 刘良 吴泰相 缪江霞 关家伦 宋丽 2006中西医结合学报2006,4,2:37
4Analyses on the climate change responses over China under SRES B2 scenario using PRECIS显示文摘The PRECIS,a regional climate model system developed at the UK Met Office Hadley Cen- tre for Climate Prediction and Research,which is nested in one-way mode within the HadAM3P,a higher-resolution version of the atmospheric com- ponent of the Hadley Centre climate model HadCM3,is employed to simulate the baseline (1961—1990) climate for evaluation of model’s capacity of simu- lating present climate and analyze the future climate change responses in the time-slice of 2071—2100 (2080s) under SRES B2 scenario over China relative to baseline average. It is indicated from the com- parison of the simulated baseline climate with in situ observation that PRECIS can simulate the local dis- tribution characteristics of surface air temperature over China quite well; generally speaking,the simu- lation for precipitation in the north of China and in winter is better than in the south of China and in summer,respectively; the simulation of precipitation in summer is sensitive to topography,and the simu- lated precipitation values are lower than observations over southeast coastal areas. It is shown from the analyses on the simulated climate change responses in 2080s under SRES B2 scenario relative to base- line that there would be an obvious surface air tem- perature increase in the north of China relative to that in the south of China,and especially in Northwest China and Northeast China,the amplitude ofsummer mean surface air temperature increments could reach 5℃; there would be an overall increase of the simulated precipitation in 2080s under SRES B2 scenario over most areas of China,while there would be significant precipitation decreases in South China in winter; there would be obvious precipitation decreases in Northeast China and North China in summer with high surface air temperature increase. However,it presents an obvious precipitation in- crease over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in summer.XU Yinlong ZHANG Yong LIN Erda LIN Wantao DONG Wenjie Richard Jones David Hassell Simon Wilson 2006Chinese Science Bulletin2006,51,18:39
5提高中草药随机对照试验的质量Ⅱ:对照组设计(英文)显示文摘目的:如何选择对照组是临床随机对照试验设计的关键环节之一。通过对Cochrane图书馆发表的关于中草药治疗2型糖尿病系统评价中所包含的66个临床试验进行对照组设计的评价分析,探讨如何提高中草药临床试验中对照组设计的质量。方法:文献检索2005年7月前发表于Cochrane图书馆且纳入临床试验最多的系统评价——中草药治疗2型糖尿病系统评价中的66个临床试验,分析中草药临床随机对照试验在对照组设计方面存在的问题。结果:在66个临床试验中,所采用的对照组包括安慰剂组、阳性药物组及空白对照组等,但在临床试验设计中则并未说明对照组的选择理由;其中27个临床试验采用中、西药结合与西药疗效的比较;24个临床试验采用中药与西药疗效的比较;5个临床试验采用中药与安慰剂疗效的比较;3个临床试验比较了中、西药结合与西药合安慰剂治疗的疗效;3个临床试验比较了中、西药结合与其他中药治疗的疗效;中药治疗组与空白对照组比较、中药合安慰剂治疗与西药合安慰剂治疗的比较则各为1个临床试验;另有1个临床试验采用了中药分别与中、西药结合,西药以及安慰剂的比较;有1个试验则采用了中药分别与西药及中、西药结合的比较。结论:基于不同的临床试验目的选择对照组是进行对照组设计的根本依据。建议:(1)研究者与设计者必须正确理解对照组选择的重要意义;(2)对照组的选择必须以试验设计目的为基础;(3)选择阳性药物对照组必须有充足的证据证明该阳性药物的疗效,同时必须遵照推荐方法使用阳性药物;(4)必须确保安慰剂所含成分为惰性成分,对所研究疾病无任何治疗作用,且在色、泽、味、形等方面尽可能与试验药物一致;(5)空白对照组的选择必须充分考虑伦理道德因素,且不会因为非盲法评估而对结局评估产生任何偏倚;(6)在对慢性、稳定性疾病进行的研究中,交叉对照试验常较随机对照试验更为适宜。卞兆祥 David MOHER Simon DAGENAIS 李幼平 刘良 吴泰相 缪江霞 2006中西医结合学报2006,4,2:24
6提高中草药随机对照试验的质量Ⅳ:采用修改后的CONSORT条目评价临床随机对照试验报告的质量(英文)显示文摘目的:以Cochrane图书馆中有关中草药治疗2型糖尿病系统评价中的66个临床随机对照试验为基础,分析在中草药临床随机对照试验研究报告中存在的问题,以及如何提高临床随机对照试验报告的质量.方法:文献检索2005年7月前发表于Cochrane图书馆的纳入随机对照试验最多的系统评价-中草药治疗2型糖尿病系统评价,共包含66个临床随机对照试验.以原有的CONSORT条目为基础,增加有关中医药方面的5项内容,即中医证型、组方依据、复方组成、制剂类型及质量控制.修订后的CONSORT评估表共包含63项条目,并以此为标准评估66篇临床随机对照试验报告的质量.结果:按修改后的CONSORT条目,66篇临床随机对照试验的总体报告率为19%~44%,中位数32%(标准差8%).结论:中草药临床随机对照试验报告的总体质量较低.建议:以CONSORT条目为基础,进行中草药临床随机对照试验报告规范化的研究.同时建议中医药类杂志的编辑要求作者按照规范格式发表临床研究报告.卞兆祥 David MOHER Simon DAGENAIS 李幼平 吴泰相 刘良 缪江霞 宋丽 张慧敏 2006中西医结合学报2006,4,3:21
7提高中草药随机对照试验的质量Ⅲ:中草药的质量控制(英文)显示文摘目的:通过对中草药临床随机对照试验中有关中草药质量控制的方法进行分析评价,探讨如何实施中草药临床试验的药物质量控制。方法:文献检索2005年7月前发表于Cochrane图书馆的中草药系统评价共11篇,包含167个中草药临床随机对照试验,实证分析中草药临床试验中有关中草药质量控制的方法。结果:在纳入分析的167个中草药临床随机对照试验中,所采用的中草药制剂类型共有11种,其中只有1个临床随机对照试验提及中药的质量控制方法。结论:在中草药临床随机对照试验过程中,中草药的质量控制是一个非常薄弱的环节。建议:在中草药临床随机对照试验过程中,必须提高中草药的质量控制意识及建立中草药质量控制的技术平台,整合包括中药材生产质量管理规范(Good Agricultural Practice,GAP)、药物生产质量管理规范(Good Manufacturing Practice,GMP)、药物临床试验质量管理规范(Good ClinicalPractice,GCP)以及中药指纹图谱等技术,建立系统控制临床试验药物的质量控制体系。梁士贤 卞兆祥 David MOHER Simon DAGENAIS 李幼平 刘良 吴泰相 缪江霞 2006中西医结合学报2006,4,3:17
8中医药临床随机对照试验报告规范(征求意见稿)(英文)显示文摘1 Necessity for the extension of CONSORTfor TCMThe way for traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to interpret both diseases and therapies differsSimon Dagenais David Moher 2007中国循证医学杂志2007,7,9:13
9Improving Plant Genome Editing with High-Fidelity xCas9 and Non-canonical PAM-Targeting Cas9-NG显示文摘Two recently engineered SpCas9 variants, namely xCas9 and Cas9-NG, show promising potential in improving targeting specificity and broadening the targeting range. In this study, we evaluated these Cas9 variants in the model and crop plant, rice. We first tested xCas9-3.7, the most effective xCas9 variant in mammalian cells, for targeted mutagenesis at 16 possible NGN PAM (protospacer adjacent motif) combinations in duplicates. xCas9 exhibited nearly equivalent editing efficiency to wild-type Cas9 (Cas9-WT) at most canonical NGG PAM sites tested, whereas it showed limited activity at non-canonical NGH (H = A, C, T) PAM sites. High editing efficiency of xCas9 at NGG PAMs was further demonstrated with C to T base editing by both rAPOBECI and PmCDAI cytidine deaminases. With mismatched sgRNAs, we found that xCas9 had improved targeting specificity over the Cas9-WT. Furthermore, we tested two Cas9-NG variants, Cas9-NGv1 and Cas9-NG, for targeting NGN PAMs. Both Cas9-NG variants showed higher editing efficiency at most non-canonical NG PAM sites tested, and enabled much more efficient editing than xCas9 at AT-rich PAM sites such as GAT, GAA, and CAA. Nevertheless, we found that Cas9-NG variants showed significant reduced activity at the canonical NGG PAM sites. In stable transgenic rice lines, we demonstrated that Cas9-NG had much higher editing efficiency than Cas9-NGv1 and xCas9 at NG PAM sites. To expand the base-editing scope, we developed an efficient C to T base-editing system by making fusion of Cas9-NG nickase (D10A version), PmCDAI, and UGI. Taken together, our work benchmarked xCas9 as a high-fidelity nuclease for targeting canonical NGG PAMs and Cas9-NG as a preferred variant for targeting relaxed PAMs for plant genome editing.Zhaohui Zhong Simon Sretenovic Qiurong Ren Lijia Yang Yu Bao Caiyan Qi Mingzhu Yuan Yao He Shishi Liu Xiaopei Liu Jiaheng Wang Lan Huang Yan Wang Dibin Baby David Wang Tao Zhang Yiping Qi Yong Zhang 2019Molecular Plant2019,12,7:13
10Global Wheat Head Detection(GWHD)Dataset:A Large and Diverse Dataset of High-Resolution RGB-Labelled Images to Develop and Benchmark Wheat Head Detection Methods显示文摘The detection of wheat heads in plant images is an important task for estimating pertinent wheat traits including head population density and head characteristics such as health,size,maturity stage,and the presence of awns.Several studies have developed methods for wheat head detection from high-resolution RGB imagery based on machine learning algorithms.However,these methods have generally been calibrated and validated on limited datasets.High variability in observational conditions,genotypic differences,development stages,and head orientation makes wheat head detection a challenge for computer vision.Further,possible blurring due to motion or wind and overlap between heads for dense populations make this task even more complex.Through a joint international collaborative effort,we have built a large,diverse,and well-labelled dataset of wheat images,called the Global Wheat Head Detection(GWHD)dataset.It contains 4700 high-resolution RGB images and 190000 labelled wheat heads collected from several countries around the world at different growth stages with a wide range of genotypes.Guidelines for image acquisition,associating minimum metadata to respect FAIR principles,and consistent head labelling methods are proposed when developing new head detection datasets.The GWHD dataset is publicly available at http://gffzzef49fa24bca249bbhk9b005ofpb0c6ou5.ffgz.tsg.suse.edu.cn/and aimed at developing and benchmarking methods for wheat head detection.Etienne David Simon Madec Pouria Sadeghi-Tehran Helge Aasen Bangyou Zheng Shouyang Liu Norbert Kirchgessner Goro Ishikawa Koichi Nagasawa Minhajul A.Badhon Curtis Pozniak Benoit de Solan Andreas Hund Scott C.Chapman Frédéric Baret Ian Stavness Wei Guo 2020Plant Phenomics2020,2,1:13
11恰当选择并清晰报告中医药临床研究的测量指标(英文)显示文摘结局指标是临床医学判断干预措施效果的必要手段。在中医药临床研究报告中,常见测量指标包括中医类指标如舌象、脉象及中医证候描述等;西医类指标如现代检验学方面的指标等。研究中测量指标的选择应充分考虑研究的性质和目的以及中医药干预措施的特点,同时亦应考虑测量指标是否具有统一标准,并在主观性和客观性两方面取得平衡。为此,研究报告中应该包括:(1)根据研究目的和假设确定主要和次要结局测量指标;(2)明确定义主要和次要结局测量指标;(3)说明结局测量指标选择的依据;(4)说明结局测量指标的测量方法和标准;(5)注明提高结局测量指标的测量质量和可靠性的方法;(6)确定终止试验的原则。卞兆祥 David Moher 李幼平 吴泰相 Simon Dagenais 郑颂华 李静 李廷谦 2008中西医结合学报2008,6,8:13
12Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hepatotoxicity:A review显示文摘The application of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICI)in advanced cancer has been a major development in the last decade.The indications for ICIs are constantly expanding into new territory across different cancers,disease stages and lines of therapy.With this increased use,adverse events including immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hepatotoxicity(ICH)have emerged as an important clinical problem.This along with the introduction of ICI as first-and second-line treatments for advanced hepatocellular carcinoma makes ICH very relevant to gastroenterologists and hepatologists.The incidence of ICH varies between 1%-20%depending on the number,type and dose of ICI received.Investigation and management generally involve excluding differential diagnoses and following a stepwise escalation of withholding or ceasing ICI,corticosteroid treatment and adding other immunosuppressive agents depending on the severity of toxicity.The majority of patients with ICH recover and some may even safely recommence ICI therapy.Guideline recommendations are largely based on evidence derived from retrospective case series which highlights a priority for future research.Devika Remash David S Prince Catriona McKenzie Simone I Strasser Steven Kao Ken Liu 2021World Journal of Gastroenterology2021,27,32:9
13Strategies to optimize the use of marginal donors in liver transplantation显示文摘Liver transplantation is the treatment of choice for end stage liver disease, but availability of liver grafts is still the main limitation to its wider use. Extended criteria donors(ECD) are considered not ideal for several reasons but their use has dramatically grown in the last decades in order to augment the donor liver pool. Due to improvement in surgical and medical strategies, results using grafts from these donors have become acceptable in terms of survival and complications; nevertheless a big debate still exists regarding their selection, discharge criteria and allocation policies. Many studies analyzed the use of these grafts from many points of view producing different or contradictory results so that accepted guidelines do not exist and the use of these grafts is still related to non-standardized policies changing from center to center. The aim of this review is to analyze every step of the donationtransplantation process emphasizing all those strategies, both clinical and experimental, that can optimize results using ECD.Daniele Pezzati Davide Ghinolfi Paolo De Simone Emanuele Balzano Franco Filipponi 2015World Journal of Hepatology2015,7,26:8
14CONSORT系列一 中医药临床研究报告中应清晰阐述试验设计理念显示文摘《中医药临床随机对照试验报告规范(草案)》于2007年以中文和英文同时发表,旨在广泛收集国内外专家意见,使CONSORT for TCM工作小组成员可尽快确定报告规范的最后版本。草案与《随机对照试验报告统一规范(Consolidated Standards for Reporting Trials,CONSORT)》(修订版)比较,扩充了六个项目,郑颂华 卞兆祥 李幼平 David Moher 吴泰相 Simon Dagenais 李静 李廷谦 2008中国循证医学杂志2008,8,3:8
15Current and future applications of magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy of the brain in hepatic encepha-lopathy显示文摘肝的脑病(他) 普通 neuro 精神病学的畸形,它从肝细胞失败或 portosystemic 与肝疾病和结果复杂化病人的功课正在推延。表明他是广泛地可变的并且从温和无临床症状的骚乱包含一个系列到深昏迷。研究兴趣集中于传播导出勇气的毒素的角色,特别地氨,胀大的大脑的开发和在导致全球 CNS 消沉和混乱功能的服的 neurotransmitter 系统的变化。直到最近,服的功能的直接调查有在人是困难的。然而,当磁性的回声光谱学( 1H 太太)检测的质子在大脑生物化学变化时,新磁性的回声成像( MRI )技术在大脑体积( coregistered MRI )和损害大脑功能( fMRI )提供对变化的评价的一个非侵略的工具,包括服的 osmolytes 的直接测量,例如 myoinositol ,充斥管理对细胞的动态平衡内在的过程的使挫折和夫酸安,包括细胞内部的水的累积。这些细胞内部的 osmolytes 的集中与 hyperammonaemia 改变。有 neuropsychiatric 缺陷并且自从先生系列的严厉的检测太太的代谢物畸形相互关联向正常术后疗法回来,技术可能具有在客观耐心的监视并且在估计各种各样的治疗政体的有效性的使用。VP Bob Graver M Alex Dresner Daniel M Forton Serena Counsell David J Larkman Nayna Patel Howard C Thomas Simon D Taylor-Robinson 2006World Journal of Gastroenterology2006,12,19:8
16Genomic Analyses Yield Markers for Identifying Agronomically Important Genes in Potato显示文摘野土豆种类有实质的 phenotypic 和生理的差异。这里,我们基于茄属节 Petota 的 201 就职的 genomic 分析报导对野、栽培的土豆种类的一个全面评价。我们定序这 201 就职的染色体并且识别了 6 ? 487 ? 从在 clade 的 167 就职的 006 高质量的单个核苷酸多型性(SNP ) 4 茄属节 Petota,包括 146 野并且有宽广地理分布的 21 栽培双土豆就职。染色体宽的基因变化分析比栽培土豆,和在农学地重要的疾病抵抗的高得多的基因差异,基因在野土豆被观察的证明野土豆的差异高。由关于已知的量的特点 loci (QTL ) 利用信息,而且,我们在选择下面识别了 609 基因,包括那些在 tubers 与痛苦的损失相关,那些在 tuberization 包含了,土豆的二个主要驯养的特点。种系发生的分析在 clade 揭示了所有种类的一个纵贯的部门 4,不是就那些在 S.? brevicaule 建筑群,和进一步支持的 S。是的 candolleanum 栽培土豆和在南部的秘鲁的栽培土豆的 monophyletic 起源的祖先。另外,我们分析了 S. 的染色体 ? candolleanum 并且鉴别 529 基因在栽培土豆输了。一起,在这研究产生的分子的标记为为土豆繁殖有用的农学地重要的基因的鉴定提供一个珍贵资源。Yangping Li Christophe Colleoni Junjie Zhang Qiqi Liang Yufeng Hu Holly Ruess Reinhard Simon Yinghong Liu Hanmei Liu Guowu Yu Eric Schmitt Ghloe Ponitzki Guangjian Liu Huanhuan Huang Feilong Zhan Lin Chen Yubi Huang David Spooner Binquan Huang 2018Molecular Plant2018,11,3:8
17FuId物体记忆测验和痴呆的诊断显示文摘报告在中美合作的上海市痴呆调查中,应用Fuld物体记忆测验(FOM)的结果,测试了585名社区老人,内96例符合DSM-ⅢR的痴呆标准。结果发现,FOM的各单项分,在痴呆和非痴呆组间均有明显差异,其中,有关记忆及其学习的项目,如各次回忆,最终贮存和FOM总分等项,用以检测痴呆时,特异性90%左右,敏感性>50%,可作为诊断的参考。张明园 樊彬 蔡国钧 瞿光亚 秦士荣 David Simon Robert Katzman Elena Yu 1992中国神经精神疾病杂志1992,18,2:7
18明晰报告中医药随机对照试验中中药的毒副作用(英文)显示文摘中药虽取诸天然,但亦可含对人体有害的物质,因此,近年来中药的毒副作用越来越受到关注。中药毒副作用可以分为不可预期类、使用不当类、中药'污染'类、品种混乱类和中西药物相互作用类等。使用不当类包括处方不遵从中医药理论、过量使用、炮制及制剂方法不当和配伍不当等;中药'污染'类包括重金属、农残留及中药产品被化学药物成分'污染'。中药的毒副作用,必须明晰报告。过高或过低估计中药的毒副用,都会误导临床医生及患者。我们建议在中医药随机对照试验报告规范中,报告副作用时,应包括以下面:研究药物毒副作用的背景资料、针对副作用的特异性结局评估指标;毒副作用的详细内容及其诠释。郑颂华 卞兆祥 李幼平 David Moher 吴泰相 Simon Dagenais 李静 李廷谦 2008中西医结合学报2008,6,9:7
19中草药临床研究的评价(英文)显示文摘补充替代医学正被广泛应用,并呈现出良好的增长趋势。随着寻求补充替代医学疗法的人口比例的增长,无论是补充替代医学被单独使用,还是与传统的对抗疗法联合应用,对补充替代医学临床报告质量的研究变得日益迫切。大部分这种质量研究是针对那些主要目的在于为临床医师提供参考的临床研究报告,我们发现,在解释临床研究的结果及其意义时,人们不得不面对其方法学质量低劣的问题。如何解决这个问题,将是我们面临的巨大挑战。临床医师要有效地利用这些科学研究的文献,就必须熟悉循证医学的基本原则。本文的目的在于向临床医师介绍临床研究评价的概念,使他们在阅读研究论文时能带着评判的眼光,以便更好地评价论文中的研究结果,并将其合理地运用到自己的日常医疗实践中去。本文主要讨论了以下六个方面的问题:(1)循证医学的基本原理;(2)临床研究的类型;(3)证据的分级;(4)应用临床试验报告统一标准评价随机对照试验报告的质量;(5)随机对照试验方法学质量的评分;(6)中草药临床研究质量评价的有关问题。Simon DAGENAIS Andrea C.TRICCO 卞兆祥 黄文华 David MOHER 2006中西医结合学报2006,4,5:7
20From blood to breath: New horizons for esophageal cancer biomarkers显示文摘Esophageal cancer is a lethal cancer encompassing adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma subtypes. The global incidence of esophageal cancer is increasing world-wide, associated with the increased prevalence of associated risk factors. The asymptomatic nature of disease often leads to late diagnosis and five-year survival rates of less than 15%. Current diagnostic tools are restricted to invasive and costly endoscopy and biopsy for histopathology. Minimally and non-invasive biomarkers of esophageal cancer are needed to facilitate earlier detection and better clinical management of patients. This paper summarises recent insights into the development and clinical validation of esophageal cancer biomarkers, focussing on circulating markers in the blood, and the emerging area of breath and odorant biomarkers.Roger Yazbeck Simone E Jaenisch David I Watson 2016World Journal of Gastroenterology2016,22,46:6
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