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12019新型冠状病毒基因组特征和流行病学:病毒起源和受体结合的意义显示文摘研究者对来自9例新型冠状病毒肺炎住院患者的支气管肺泡灌洗液样本和培养的分离株进行了下一代测序。从这些个体中获得了严重急性呼吸综合征-冠状病毒2(severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)的完整和部分基因组序列。利用Sanger测序连接病毒重叠群以获得全长基因组,cDNA末端快速扩增确定终端区。对这些SARSCoV-2基因组和其他冠状病毒基因组进行了系统进化分析,以确定该病毒的进化史并有助于推断其可能的起源。刘青(译) 刘莉(审校) Lu R Zhao X Li J Niu P Yang B Wu H Wang W Song H Huang B Zhu N Bi Y Ma X Zhan F Wang L Hu T Zhou H Hu Z Zhou W Zhao L Chen J Meng Y Wang J Lin Y Yuan J Xie Z Ma J Liu WJ Wang D Xu W Holmes EC Gao GF Wu G Chen W Shi W Tan W 2020中华高血压杂志2020,28,3:516
2Heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) as a biomarker for acute myocardial injury and long-term post-ischemic prognosis显示文摘尖锐心肌的梗塞(AMI ) 是一个威胁生活的事件。甚至与及时处理,尖锐 ischemic 心肌的损害和随后的局部缺血灌注损害(IRI ) 能仍然是困难的问题处理。除了放射学并且另外的辅助考试,适用的心脏的 biomarkers 的实验室测试为这混乱监视的早诊断和结束也是必要的。心类型丰满的酸绑定蛋白质(H-FABP ) 主要在 cardiomyocytes 内存在,最近为心肌的损害作为潜在地有希望的 biomarker 出现了。在这评论,我们在对心肌的损害和 IRI 的评价讨论 H-FABP 的敏感和特性,特别在早阶段,和它与另外的通常使用的心脏的 biomarkers 比较的长期的预示的价值,包括肌球素( Mb ),心脏的 troponin 我( cTnI ),肌酸 kinase MB ( CK-MB ),C反应的蛋白质( CRP ),肝糖 phosphorylase isoenzyme BB ( GPBB ),和高敏感的心脏的 troponin T ( hs-cTnT )。有另外的 biomarkers 的 H-FABP 的联合申请的潜力和值也被讨论。最后, H-FABP 的前景被总结;几个技术问题被讨论在临床的实践便于 H-FABP 的更宽的申请。Xiao-dong YE Yi HE Sheng WANG Gordon T WONG Michael G IRWIN Zhengyuan XIA 2018Acta Pharmacologica Sinica2018,39,7:72
3Anterior muscle sparing approach for total hip arthroplasty显示文摘The purpose of this review is to examine the validity of positive claims regarding the direct anterior approach(DAA) with a fracture table for total hip arthroplasty. Recent literature regarding the DAA was searched and specific claims investigated including improved early outcomes, speed of recovery, component placement, dislocation rates, and complication rates. Recent literature is positive regarding the effects of total hip arthroplasty with the anterior approach. While the data is not definitive at present, patients receiving the anterior approach for total hip arthroplasty tend to recover more quickly and have improved early outcomes. Component placement with the anterior approach is more often in the 'safe zone' than with other approaches. Dislocation rates tend to be less than 1% with the anterior approach. Complication rates vary widely in the published literature. A possible explanation is that the varianceis due to surgeon and institutional experience with the anterior approach procedure. Concerns remain regarding the 'learning curve' for both surgeons and institutions. In conclusion, it is not a matter of should this approach be used, but how should it be implemented.Joseph T Moskal Susan G Capps John A Scanelli 2013World Journal of Orthopedics2013,4,1:47
4AGNP精神科治疗药物监测共识指南:2011显示文摘治疗药物监测(Therapeutic drug monitoring,TDM),如通过定量测定血清或血浆药物浓度指导用药剂量优化,已经成为对患者进行精神药物治疗的很有价值的工具。在患者用药依从性难以判断、药物耐受性不佳、治疗剂量下无效以及可能存在药代动力学药物-药物相互作用等情况下,测定药物浓度是很有用的。在精神科,有可能明显获益于TDM的主要患者群体包括儿童、孕妇、老年患者、智力障碍患者、涉及司法的患者、已知或怀疑携带药代动力学相关基因变异的患者,以及合并躯体疾病影响药代动力学的患者。然而,只有将TDM充分整合到临床治疗过程中去,才能发挥其优化药物治疗的潜在优势。为了促进TDM的合理应用,神经精神药理学与药物精神病学协会(Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Neuropsychopharmakologie und Pharmakopsychiatrie,AGNP)的TDM专家组在2004年发表了精神药物治疗药物监测指南。之后,随着知识不断更新,又有许多可能需要进行TDM的新药上市。因此,本次更新将神经精神药物的种类扩展到了128种,并将其TDM必要性划分为从'强烈推荐'到'可能有用'的四个等级。经过大量细致且全面的文献检索与分门别类的汇总整理,将基于循证医学理念的'治疗参考浓度范围'和'剂量相关参考浓度范围'呈现给大家。本共识指南引入了'实验室警戒浓度'的新概念,即实验室需要马上告知治疗医生的药物浓度上限。本共识指南还给出了诸如药物作为细胞色素P450酶的底物和抑制剂的性质,代谢物与母药浓度比值的常见范围,以及与结果解释相关的内容,还提供了何时将TDM与遗传药理学检测相结合的建议。遵循本指南,有助于改善许多患者精神药物治疗的效果,特别是那些存在药代动力学异常的患者。TDM是一门交叉学科,有时针对看起来不一致的数据,需要多学科坦诚地讨论,只有这样,患者才能从这种合作中获益。Hiemke C Baumann P Bergemann N Conca A Dietmaier O Egberts K Fric M Gerlach M Greiner C Gründer G Haen E Havemann-Reinecke U Jaquenoud Sirot E Kirchherr H Laux G Lutz UC Messer T Müller MJ Pfuhlmann B Rambeck B Riederer P Schoppek B Stingl J Uhr M Ulrich S Waschgler R Zernig G 李文标(译) 果伟(译) 阮灿军(译) 贺静(译) 汤宜朗(审校) 王传跃(审校) 2016实用药物与临床2016,19,10:37
5基于49例软组织上皮样血管内皮瘤研究的风险分类建议显示文摘Deyrup A T Tighiouart M Montag A G 饶秋(摘译) 2008临床与实验病理学杂志2008,24,4:30
6Achalasia: A review of clinical diagnosis, epidemiology,treatment and outcomes显示文摘Achalasia is a neurodegenerative motility disorder of the oesophagus resulting in deranged oesophageal peristalsis and loss of lower oesophageal sphincter function.Historically,annual achalasia incidence rates were believed to be low,approximately 0.5-1.2 per 100000.More recent reports suggest that annual incidence rates have risen to 1.6 per 100000 in some populations.The aetiology of achalasia is still unclear but is likely to be multi-factorial.Suggested causes include environmental or viral exposures resulting in inflammation of the oesophageal myenteric plexus,which elicits an autoimmune response.Risk of achalasia may be elevated in a sub-group of genetically susceptible people.Improvement in the diagnosis of achalasia,through the introduction of high resolution manometry with pressure topography plotting,has resulted in the development of a novel classification system for achalasia.This classification system can evaluate patient prognosis and predict responsiveness to treatment.There is currently much debate over whether pneumatic dilatation is a superior method compared to the Heller’s myotomy procedure in the treatment of achalasia.A recent com-parative study found equal efficacy,suggesting that patient preference and local expertise should guide the choice.Although achalasia is a relatively rare condition,it carries a risk of complications,including aspiration pneumonia and oesophageal cancer.The risk of both squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus is believed to be significantly increased in patients with achalasia,however the absolute excess risk is small.Therefore,it is currently unknown whether a surveillance programme in achalasia patients would be effective or cost-effective.Orla M O'Neill Brian T Johnston Helen G Coleman 2013World Journal of Gastroenterology2013,19,35:26
7光复散射对消光法粒径测量的影响:复散射模型与数值模拟显示文摘复散射效应在光散射颗粒测量中不仅重要 ,且尚未得到很好解决。采用蒙特卡罗方法 ,对不同的光波长 ,颗粒浓度以及收接器条件下的光复散射进行了数值模拟 ,数值算法程序经与四通量模型进行对比验证 ,数值结果与单散射条件的郎伯比尔模型进行比较 ,进而讨论了复散射效应对消光法颗粒粒径测量影响。表明复散射对消光法颗粒测量的影响不仅取决于颗粒系自身的浓度 ,而且接收器的几何尺寸和接收位置起着非常重要的作用 ,减小颗粒介质层厚度和减小光接收器接收面积 ,增大接收距离以及减小接收角都能减小复散射效应对消光法粒径测量的影响。苏明旭 任宽芳 Grehan G 蔡小舒 Rozé C Girasole T 2004光学学报2004,24,5:25
8《过敏性鼻炎及其对哮喘的影响(ARIA)》指南2019版过敏性鼻炎管理路径(中国版)显示文摘2018年12月3日,慢性疾病管理大会在巴黎召开,经过与会的过敏科学及气道疾病领域的专家和患者组织讨论,针对未来鼻炎和哮喘的管理,推荐采用真实世界综合管理路径评估系统,旨在实现数字化、综合化、以人为本的管理。本文是该文件的摘要版,其中也介绍了中国过敏性鼻炎和哮喘的流行状况以及《过敏性鼻炎及其对哮喘的影响》(ARIA)在中国应用的具体情况。Bachert C Fokkens WJ Haahtela T Hellings PH Klimek L Papadopoulos N Pham-Thi N PfaarO Valiulis A Ventura MT Onorato G Czarlewski W Bedbrook A Bousquet J 王向东(编译) 王成硕(编译) 郑铭(编译) 杜崑(编译) 张罗(编译) 2019中国耳鼻咽喉头颈外科2019,26,12:23
9Contribution of oxidative stress to pulmonary arterial hypertension显示文摘Recent data implicate oxidative stress as a mediator of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and of the associated pathological changes to the pulmonary vasculature and right ventricle (RV). Increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS), altered redox state, and elevated oxidant stress have been demonstrated in the lungs and RV of several animal models of PH, including chronic hypoxia, monocrotaline toxicity, caveolin-1 knock-out mouse, and the transgenic Ren2 rat which overexpresses the mouse renin gene. Generation of ROS in these models is derived mostly from the activities of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases, xanthine oxidase, and uncoupled endothelial nitric oxide synthase. As disease progresses circulating monocytes and bone marrow-derived monocytic progenitor cells are attracted to and accumulate in the pulmonary vasculature. Once established, these inflammatory cells generate ROS and secrete mitogenic and fibrogenic cytokines that induce cell proliferation and fibrosis in the vascular wall resulting in progressive vascular remodeling. Deficiencies in antioxidant enzymes also contribute to pulmonary hypertensive states. Current therapies were developed to improve endothelial function, reduce pulmonary artery pressure, and slow the progression of vascular remodeling in the pulmonary vasculature by targeting deficiencies in either NO (PDE-type 5 inhibition) or PGI 2 (prostacyclin analogs), or excessive synthesis of ET-1 (ET receptor blockers) with the intent to improve patient clinical status and survival. New therapies may slow disease progression to some extent, but long term management has not been achieved and mortality is still high. Although little is known concerning the effects of current pulmonary arterial hypertension treatments on RV structure and function, interest in this area is increasing. Development of therapeutic strategies that simultaneously target pathology in the pulmonary vasculature and RV may be beneficial in reducing mortality associated with RV failure.Vincent G DeMarco Adam T Whaley-Connell James R Sowers Javad Habibi Kevin C Dellsperger 2010World Journal of Cardiology2010,2,10:21
10高分辨电感耦合等离子质谱测定黄连中的微量元素显示文摘文章采用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱(HR-ICP-MS)的方法,测定了中草药中四种黄连——味连、雅连、马尾连和胡黄连中的微量元素。结果表明:在所有16种稀土元素中,La,Ce,Nd,Gd,Sm,Sc含量较高,胡黄连的稀土总量为5.18μg·g^(-1),是所有四种黄连的最高者,其次是雅连和马尾连,最低的是味连(1.26μg·g^(-1))。而对于与清热解毒有关的金属无素如Mg,Mn,Zn,Ca和Fe元素,雅连中Mg,Mn,Zn的含量最高。高Fe和Ca的含量存在于马尾连和胡连之中。在测定不同提取方法的提取物中发现,只有部分的稀土元素能被醇和水所提取,它们分别是31.6%和4.1%。清热解毒元素的提取率明显高于稀土元素。王小逸 Zhu W Witkamp G T 曾衍钧 2003光谱学与光谱分析2003,23,6:20
11世界卫生组织(WHO)造血与淋巴组织肿瘤分类方案:临床顾问委员会会议报告显示文摘引言 :从 1995年开始 ,欧洲病理学工作者协会和血液病理学会一直致力于制定一个新的世界卫生组织 (WHO)血液恶性肿瘤分类方案 ,该分类方案包括淋巴系肿瘤、髓系肿瘤、组织细胞肿瘤和肥大细胞肿瘤。 材料与方法 :此项 WHO计划共组成十个病理学工作者委员会 ,负责确定病种和作出定义。另外还成立一个由国际血液学家和肿瘤学家组成的临床顾问委员会 (CAC)以保证该分类的临床实用性。 1997年 11月召开会议讨论了与该分类有关的临床问题。 结果 :WHO采纳了 1994年国际淋巴瘤研究组 (IL SG)报告的修订欧美淋巴系肿瘤分类 (REAL)方案作为淋巴系肿瘤的分类方案。该方案的分类方法遵循以下原则 :分类应是联合应用形态学、免疫表型、遗传特征及临床特征能够清楚界定的“真实存在”(“real”)病种的名录 ,上述各项特征的相对重要性因病种不同而异 ,不存在任何“金标准”。 WHO将 REAL分类原则延用于髓系肿瘤和组织细胞肿瘤 ,髓系肿瘤的分类包括联合应用细胞形态学和细胞遗传学异常能够界定的各个病种。围绕一系列临床问题召集的这次 CAC会议 ,就提交的大多数问题达成共识 ,这些问题及共识将详述于下。对于另外一些问题 ,CAC认为淋巴系肿瘤临床分组既无必要也不必需 ,患者的治疗取决于淋巴瘤的具体类型 ,如有?N L Harris E S Jaffe J Diebold G Flandrin H K Muller-Hermelink J Vardiman T A Lister C D Bloomfield 张凤奎 郝玉书 2001白血病.淋巴瘤2001,10,3:20
12原发性纵隔精原细胞瘤:23例组织学、免疫组织化学和12p染色体荧光原位杂交的综合性评价显示文摘Sung M T MacLennan G T Lopez-Beltran A 黄文斌(摘译) 2008临床与实验病理学杂志2008,24,1:18
13人类血压测量方法:美国心脏协会科学声明显示文摘准确的血压测量对高血压诊断与治疗至关重要。该文是美国心脏协会关于人类血压测量的最新科学声明。业已证实,在诊室许多电子血压计可以准确测量血压,同时减少与听诊法有关的人为误差。即使没有一个观察者在场,全自动电子血压计也可以通过多次测量提供较听诊法更准确的血压测量值。研究表明诊室外所测血压与诊室血压比较存在实质性差别。目前认为动态血压监测是诊室外血压评估的参考标准,当动态血压监测不可行或患者不能耐受时,家庭血压监测则是一个替代方法。赵狄(摘译) 练桂丽(审校) Muntner P Shimbo D Carey RM Charleston JB Gaillard T Misra S Myers MG Ogedegbe G Schwartz JE Townsend RR Urbina EM Viera AJ White WB Wright JT Jr 2019中华高血压杂志2019,27,6:16
14下肢浅静脉治疗术后的加压疗法:美国静脉论坛血管、外科学会、美国静脉学会、血管医学学会和国际静脉联盟的临床实践指南显示文摘一、指南的由来下肢浅静脉治疗术后应用压力治疗的方式是几代血管外科医师多年临床经验积累所得,现主要应用于大隐静脉剥脱术、下肢静脉点状剥脱术及静脉硬化治疗等。目前单就静脉硬化治疗而言,术后压力治疗的推荐也是基于相关文献及实验验证[1],但对于其他术式,尤其是对于大隐静脉的热消融术,目前还没有形成规范统一的建议,这也使得当前的压力治疗具有很大的临床差异性。Lurie F Lal BK Antignani PL Blebea J Bush R Caprini J Davies A Forrestal M Jacobowitz G Kalodiki E Killewich L Lohr J Ma H Mosti G Partsch H Rooke T Wakefield T 李丹(译) 陈程浩(译) 牛传强(译) 张靖(译) 黄建忠(译) 2020中华介入放射学电子杂志2020,8,4:16
15Effect of Welding Processes and Consumables on Tensile and Impact Properties of High Strength Quenched and Tempered Steel Joints显示文摘Quenched and tempered steels are prone to hydrogen induced cracking in the heat affected zone after welding.The use of austenitic stainless steel consumables to weld the above steel was the only available remedy because of higher solubility for hydrogen in austenitic phase.In this investigation,an attempt was made to determine a suitable consumable to replace expensive austenitic consumables.Two different consumables,namely,austenitic stainless steel and low hydrogen ferritic steel,were used to fabricate the joints by shielded metal arc welding(SMAW)and flux cored arc welding(FCAW)processes.The joints fabricated by using low hydrogen ferritic steel consumables showed superior transverse tensile properties,whereas joints fabricated by using austenitic stainless steel consumables exhibited better impact toughness,irrespective of the welding process used.The SMAW joints exhibited superior mechanical and impact properties,irrespective of the consumables used,than their FCAW counterparts.G Magudeeswaran V Balasubramanian G Madhusudhan Reddy T S Balasubramanian 2008Journal of Iron and Steel Research(International)2008,15,6:16
16CO_2捕集过程中有机胺热降解的实验研究显示文摘在使用有机胺捕集CO2的工艺中,胺的降解性质是评价胺的重要因素之一。该文使用不锈钢密闭反应器和强制对流烘箱,在相同CO2负荷条件下分别考察了乙二胺(EDA)、1,2-二胺基丙烷(MEDA)、2-哌啶乙醇(2-PE)、哌嗪/2-氨基-2-甲基-1-丙醇(PZ/AMP)混合溶液在373~423K的热降解过程。除乙二胺外,所有实验的胺类的热降解速率都低于常用的乙醇胺(MEA)的热降解速率。在乙二胺分子上添加空间位阻有助于降低胺的热降解速率。本身具有热稳定结构的胺与其他胺类混合后,其热降解速率可能会提高。周姗 王淑娟 Rochelle G T 陈昌和 2012清华大学学报(自然科学版)2012,52,1:15
17The paternal epigenome and embryogenesis: poising mechanisms for development显示文摘父亲的贡献的范围长在早胚胎的开发期间被认为有限。在在整个精子发生的染色质结构的戏剧的变化被认为在 DNA 蓝图上 epigenetic 规定的复杂的层让精子空,因此把那条规定的平衡留给卵母细胞。然而, epigenetics 和男因素不孕的地里的最近的工作放了这长抓住、现在争论的教义,在一盏新灯。在发展中的精子房间调查染色质和 epigenetic 修正的漂亮研究提供了可以在发展中的胚胎为父亲的 epigenome 建立一个更关键的角色的新卓见。进染色质的 DNA methylation, histone 尾巴修正,指向的 histone 保留和鱼精朊加入在发展中的精子房间有大影响。在任何这些 epigenetic 标记的建立或维护的不安被表明了影响富饶地位,在严厉从变化对温和灾难。精子要求染色质的这个无数的结构的变化不仅在整个精子发生和未来交货起一个保护的作用到 DNA 到卵,而且,它出现,贡献未来胚胎的发展节目。这评论将集中于我们精子的 epigenetics 的当前的理解。我们将讨论导致对开发必要的基因在胚胎的开发,其混乱可以导致减少的肥沃早为激活被平衡的精子特定的染色质修正。Timothy G Jenkins Douglas T Carrell 2011Asian Journal of Andrology2011,13,1:14
18EFNS的神经病理性痛药物治疗指南:2010修订显示文摘背景和目的欧洲神经病学协会联盟第2届工作组的目的是对2005年以来的关于神经病理性痛的药物治疗证据进行更新。方法使用Cochrane数据库和Medline选择相关研究,并根据病因学对研究分类。所有Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类随机对照研究(RCTs)均入选,低级别研究仅在没有高级别研究的情况下入选。考虑到对门诊患者治疗的可行性,只选择单药治疗或重复给药的研究。结果多数大型RCT的研究对象是糖尿病性多发性神经病和疱疹后神经痛的患者,越来越多的小型研究则对其他病因导致的神经病理性痛的治疗进行了探索。总体而言,药物治疗在除三叉神经痛、慢性神经根病和人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)神经病以外的各种病因中疗效相当,A级证据支持下列药物用于治疗神经病理性痛:三环类抗抑郁剂(TCA)、普瑞巴林、加巴喷丁、曲马多和阿片类(在不同情况下)、度洛西汀、文拉法辛、局部利多卡因和辣椒素贴剂(在限定的情况下)。联合用药有效仅见于TCA与加巴喷丁、加巴喷丁与阿片类(A级证据)。结论目前仍然缺乏大型的对比研究。我们建议今后的研究使用标准化工具对共病情况、生活质量、临床症状和体征进行评估,并致力于更好地确定对特定药物治疗的反应情况。李建萍 李颖 林智 李焰生 Attal N Cruccua G Barona R Haanpa M Hanssona P Jensena S Nurmikk T 2012神经病学与神经康复学杂志2012,9,1:14
19内脏脂肪组织通过产生骨桥蛋白调控成纤维细胞衰老促进心脏衰老显示文摘老化通过增加包括骨桥蛋白(osteopontin,OPN)在内的细胞外基质(extracellular matrix,ECM)蛋白的沉积引起心脏结构和功能改变进而导致进行性间质纤维化。虽然已知OPN参与各种病理状况,但其在心肌衰老中的作用仍不清楚。Sawaki D Czibik G Pini M Ternacle J Suffee N Mercedes R Marcelin G Surenaud M Marcos E Gual P Clément K Hue S Adnot S Hatem SN Tsuchimochi I Yoshimitsu T Hénégar C Derumeaux G 刘青 叶鹏 2018中华高血压杂志2018,26,3:14
20Management of early gastrointestinal neuroendocrine neoplasms显示文摘Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) of the stomach, duo- denum, appendix or rectum that are small (≤ 1 cm) and well differentiated can be considered 'early' tumors, since they generally have a (very) good prognosis. In the new WHO classification of 2010, these neoplasms are called neuroendocrine tumors/ carcinoids (NETs), grade (G) 1 or 2, and distinguished from poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), G3. NETs are increasing, with a rise in the age-adjusted incidence in the U.S.A. by about 700 % in the last 35 years. Improved early detection seems to be the main reason for these epidemiological changes. Both the better generalavailability of endoscopy, and imaging techniques, have led to a shift in the discovery of smaller-sized (≤ 10-20 mm) intestinal NETs/carcinoids and earlier tumor stages at diagnosis. Endoscopic screening is therefore effective in the early diagnosis, not only of colorectal adenocarcinomas, but also of NETs/carcinoids. Endoscopic removal, followed up with endoscopic surveillance is the treatment of choice in NETs/carcinoids of the stomach, duodenum and rectum that are ≤ 10 mm in size, have a low proliferative activity (G1), do not infiltrate the muscular layer and show no angioinvasion. In all the other intestinal NENs, optimal treatment generally needs surgery and/or medical therapy depending on type, biology and stage of the tumor, as well as the individual situation of the patient.Hans Scherübl Robert T Jensen Guillaume Cadiot Ulrich Stlzel Günter Klppel 2011World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2011,3,7:13
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