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| 1 | Evolving concepts in bone infection: redefining “biofilm”,“acute vs. chronic osteomyelitis”, “the immune proteome” and “local antibiotic therapy”显示文摘Osteomyelitis is a devastating disease caused by microbial infection of bone. While the frequency of infection following elective orthopedic surgery is low, rates of reinfection are disturbingly high. Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for the majority of chronic osteomyelitis cases and is often considered to be incurable due to bacterial persistence deep within bone. Unfortunately, there is no consensus on clinical classifications of osteomyelitis and the ensuing treatment algorithm. Given the high patient morbidity,mortality, and economic burden caused by osteomyelitis, it is important to elucidate mechanisms of bone infection to inform novel strategies for prevention and curative treatment. Recent discoveries in this field have identified three distinct reservoirs of bacterial biofilm including: Staphylococcal abscess communities in the local soft tissue and bone marrow, glycocalyx formation on implant hardware and necrotic tissue, and colonization of the osteocyte-lacuno canalicular network(OLCN) of cortical bone. In contrast, S.aureus intracellular persistence in bone cells has not been substantiated in vivo, which challenges this mode of chronic osteomyelitis. There have also been major advances in our understanding of the immune proteome against S. aureus, from clinical studies of serum antibodies and media enriched for newly synthesized antibodies(MENSA), which may provide new opportunities for osteomyelitis diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccine development. Finally, novel therapies such as antimicrobial implant coatings and antibiotic impregnated 3D-printed scaffolds represent promising strategies for preventing and managing this devastating disease. Here, we review these recent advances and highlight translational opportunities towards a cure. | Elysia A. Masters Ryan P. Trombetta Karen L. de Mesy Bentley Brendan F Boyce Ann Lindley Gill Steven R. Gill Kohei Nishitani Masahiro Ishikawa Yugo Morita Hiromu Ito Sheila N. Bello-Irizarry Mark Ninomiya James D. Brodell Jr. Charles C. Lee Stephanie P. Hao Irvin Oh Chao Xie Hani A. Awad John L. Daiss John R. Owen Stephen L. Kates Edward M. Schwarz Gowrishankar Muthukrishnan | 2019 | Bone Research2019，7，3： | 19 |
| 2 | Spontaneous ignition of pressurized releases of hydrogen and natural gas into air 显示文摘 | DRYER F L CHAOS M ZHAO Z W | 2007 | Combustion Science and Technology2007，179，4： | 1 |
| 3 | Induction of an angiogenic phenotype in endometriotic stromal cell cultures by interleukin-1beta显示文摘 | Lebovic DI Bentzien F Chao VA | 2000 | Mol Hum Reprod2000，6，3： | 1 |
| 4 | Therapeutic antibody targeting of CD47 eliminates human acute lymphoblastic leukemia 显示文摘 | Chao MP Alizadeh AA Tang C Jan M Weissman-Tsukamoto R Zhao F | 2011 | Cancer Res2011，71，4： | 1 |
| 5 | A case of hemachromatosis successfully treated by double filtration plasmapheresis 显示文摘 | Qiu FQ Li X Chao F Feng ZZ Luo XY | 1999 | Zhonghu Neike Zazhi (Chin J Intern Med)1999，38，10： | 1 |
| 6 | Ras p21 expression in the progression of breast cancer显示文摘 | FROMOWITZ F B VIOLA M V CHAO S | 1987 | Hum Pathol1987，18，： | 1 |
| 7 | Real-time dwell scheduling of component oriented phased array radars显示文摘 | KuoT W Chao Y S Kuo C F | 2005 | IEEE Transactions on Computers2005，54，1： | 1 |
| 8 | Enhancement of Field Emission in Nanotip-decorated ZnO Nanobottles显示文摘 | Cheng C L Chao S H Chen Y F | 2009 | Journal of Crystal Growth2009，311，： | 1 |
| 9 | 显示文摘 | Lu X F Mao H Chao D M | 2007 | Materials Letters2007，61，6： | 1 |
| 10 | Theoretical design and advanced microstructure in super high strength steels显示文摘 | ABALLERO F G SANTOFIMIA M J CHAO J | 2009 | Materials and Design2009，30，16： | 1 |
| 11 | Human cytomegalovirus-in- hibitory flavouoids: Studies on antiviral activity and mechanism of action显示文摘 | Evers D L Chao C F Wang X | 2005 | Antiviral Res2005，68，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Survivin and p53 modulate quercetinqnduced cell growth inhibition and apoptosis in the human lung carcinoma cells 显示文摘 | Kuo P C Liu H F Chao J L | 2004 | J Biol Chem2004，279，55： | 1 |
| 13 | Effects of the ancillary ligands of polypyridyl ruthenium (II) : complexes on the DNA-binding and photocleavage behaviors 显示文摘 | TAN L F CHAO H ZHEN K C | 2007 | Polyhedron2007，26，18： | 1 |
| 14 | Acute inflammatory reaction following experimental intracerebral hemorrhage in rats 显示文摘 | CHAO G JULIAN T H KEEP R F | 2000 | Brain Res2000，871，1： | 1 |
| 15 | IL-1 beta induction of RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) chemokine gene expression in endometriotic stromal cells depends on a nuclear factor- kappaB site in the proximal promoter 显示文摘 | Lebovic D I Chao V A Martini J F | 2001 | Clin Endocrinol Metab2001，86，10： | 1 |
| 16 | Temporal variation of the Earth's Low-degree zonal gravitational field caused by atmospheric mass redistribution: 1980~1988显示文摘 | Chao B F Andrew Y Au | 1991 | Journal of Geophysical Research1991，96，4： | 1 |
| 17 | Cloning and heterologous expression of a natural product biosynthetic gene cluster from eDNA显示文摘 | Brady S F Chao C J Handelsman J | 2001 | Org Lett2001，3，13： | 1 |
| 18 | A pro-drug of thegreen tea polyphenol(-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate(EGCG)ester deriv-atives:Effect of alkyl chain length显示文摘 | CHAO J F LAU WAY KWOK-WAI MICHELLE J H | 2008 | Bioorganic&Medicine ChemistryLetters2008，18，14： | 1 |
| 19 | Simultaneous determi-nation of malachite green, gentian violet and their leuco-metabo- lites in shrimp and salmon by liquid chromatographyetandem mass spectrometry with accelerated solvent extraction and auto solid-phase clean-up 显示文摘 | TAO Y F CHEN DM CHAO X Q | 2011 | Food Control2011，22，： | 1 |
| 20 | Cell surface regulation ofsilica-induced apoptosis by the SR-A scavenger receptor in a murinelung macrophage cell line ( MH-S) 显示文摘 | Chao S K Hamilton R F Pfau J C | 2001 | Toxicol Appl Pharmacol2001，，： | 1 |
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