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| 1 | Esophageal tissue engineering:A new approach for esophageal replacement显示文摘A number of congenital and acquired disorders require esophageal tissue replacement.Various surgical techniques,such as gastric and colonic interposition,are standards of treatment,but frequently complicated by stenosis and other problems.Regenerative medicine approaches facilitate the use of biological constructs to replace or regenerate normal tissue function.We review the literature of esophageal tissue engineering,discuss its implications,compare the methodologies that have been employed and suggest possible directions for the future.Medline,Embase,the Cochrane Library,National Research Register and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched with the following search terms:stem cell and esophagus,esophageal replacement,esophageal tissue engineering,esophageal substitution.Reference lists of papers identified were also examined and experts in this field contacted for further information.All full-text articles in English of all potentially relevant abstracts were reviewed.Tissue engineering has involved acellular scaffolds that were either transplanted with the aim of being repopulated by host cells or seeded prior to transplantation.When acellular scaffolds were used to replace patch and short tubular defects they allowed epithelial and partial muscular migration whereas when employed for long tubular defects the results were poor leading to an increased rate of stenosis and mortality.Stenting has been shown as an effective means to reduce stenotic changes and promote cell migration,whilst omental wrapping to induce vascularization of the construct has an uncertain benefit.Decellularized matrices have been recently suggested as the optimal choice for scaffolds,but smart polymers that will incorporate signalling to promote cell-scaffold interaction may provide a more reproducible and available solution.Results in animal models that have used seeded scaffolds strongly suggest that seeding of both muscle and epithelial cells on scaffolds prior to implantation is a prerequisite for complete esophageal replacement.Novel approaches need to be designed to allow for peristalsis and vascularization in the engineered esophagus.Although esophageal tissue engineering potentially offers a real alternative to conventional treatments for severe esophageal disease,important barriers remain that need to be addressed. | Giorgia Totonelli Panagiotis Maghsoudlou Jonathan M Fishman Giuseppe Orlando Tahera Ansari Paul Sibbons Martin A Birchall Agostino Pierro Simon Eaton Paolo De Coppi | 2012 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2012，18，47： | 5 |
| 2 | Copolymerization of peptide derived monomers and methyl methacrylate 显示文摘 | Birchall A C Bush S M Noah M | 2001 | Polymer2001，42，： | 1 |
| 3 | Physical stability and in vitro gene statement efficiency of nebulised lipid-peptide-DNA complexes 显示文摘 | Birchall J C Kellaway I W Gumbleton M | 2000 | Int Pharm2000，197，： | 1 |
| 4 | Laryngeal abductor muscle reinnervation in a pig model显示文摘 | BIRCHALL M IDOWU B MURISON P | 2004 | Acta Otolaryngol2004，124，： | 1 |
| 5 | Tongue transplantation显示文摘 | Birchall M | 2004 | Lancet2004，363，9422： | 1 |
| 6 | Copolymerization of peptide derived monomers and methyl methacrylate显示文摘 | A C Birchall S M Bush M North | | 0，，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Laryngectomees' views on laryngeal transplantation显示文摘 | POTTER C P BIRCHALL M A | 1998 | Transpl Int1998，11，： | 1 |
| 8 | Copolymerization of peptide derived monomers and methyl methacrylate 显示文摘 | Birchall A C Bush S M North M | 2001 | Polymer2001，42，： | 1 |
| 9 | Modeling and simulation of milk emulsion drying in spray dryer显示文摘 | Birchal V S Passos M L | | 0，，02： | 1 |
| 10 | The effects of aller- gens and tobacco smoke on the laryngeal mucosa of guinea pigs 显示文摘 | Mouadeb DA Belafsky PC Birchall M | 2009 | Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg2009，140，4： | 1 |
| 11 | Form and function:The significance of material properties in the design of tensile fab- ric structures显示文摘 | BRIDGENS B N BIRCHALL M J S | 2012 | Eng Struct2012，44，： | 1 |
| 12 | Airway transplantation: a debate worth having? 显示文摘 | Birchall M Macchiarini P | 2008 | Transplantation2008，85，8： | 1 |
| 13 | An open label,randomised,crossover study comparing sotalol and atenolol in the treatment of symptomatic paroxysmal atria l fibrillation显示文摘 | Birchall AS Smith M | 1999 | Heart1999，82，： | 1 |
| 14 | Heated tummur cells of autologous and allogeneic origin elicit anti-tumour immunity 显示文摘 | Todryk S M Eaton J Birchall L | 2004 | Cancer Immunol Inmmunother2004，53，： | 1 |
| 15 | Evidence of T-helper cell 2 cytokine regulation of chronic otitis media with effusion 显示文摘 | Smirnova M G Birchall J P Pearson J P | 2005 | Acta Otolaryngol2005，125，10： | 1 |
| 16 | In vitro study of IL-8 and goblet cells:possible role of IL-8 in the aetiology of otitis media with effusion显示文摘 | Smimova M G Birchall J P Pearson J P | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 17 | Design and development of nanocomposite scaffolds for auricular reconstruction 显示文摘 | Nayyer L Birchall M Seifalian AM | 2014 | Nanomedicine2014，10，1： | 1 |
| 18 | Laryngeal abductor mus- cle relnnervation in a pig mode显示文摘 | Birchall M Idowu B Jones A | 2004 | Acta Otolaryngol2004，124，： | 1 |
| 19 | Human laryngeal Mlograft: shift of emphasis in transplantation显示文摘 | Birchall M | 1998 | Lancet1998，351，： | 1 |
| 20 | Airway transplantation:a debate worth having显示文摘 | Birchal M Macchiarini P | | 0，，08： | 1 |
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