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| 1 | Clostridium diffi cile associated infection,diarrhea and colitis显示文摘A new,hypervirulent strain of Clostridium difficile,called NAP1/BI/027,has been implicated in C.diffi cile outbreaks associated with increased morbidity and mortality since the early 2000s.The epidemic strain is resistant to fluoroquinolones in vitro,which was infrequent prior to 2001.The name of this strain reflects its characteristics,demonstrated by different typing methods:pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(NAP1),restriction endonuclease analysis(BI) and polymerase chain reaction(027).In 2004 and 2005,the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) emphasized that the risk of C.diff icile-associated diarrhea(CDAD) is increased,not only by the usual factors,including antibiotic exposure,but also gastrointestinal surgery/manipulation,prolonged length of stay in a healthcare setting,serious underlying illness,immune-compromising conditions,and aging.Patients on proton pump inhibitors(PPIs) have an elevated risk,as do peripartum women and heart transplant recipients.Before 2002,toxic megacolon in C.diffi cile-associated colitis(CDAC),was rare,but its incidence has increased dramatically.Up to twothirds of hospitalized patients may be infected with C.diff icile.Asymptomatic carriers admitted to healthcare facilities can transmit the organism to other susceptible patients,thereby becoming vectors.Fulminant colitis is reported more frequently during outbreaks of C.diffi cile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).C.difficile infection with IBD carries a higher mortality than without underlying IBD.This article reviews the latest information on C.diffi cile infection,including presentation,vulnerable hosts and choice of antibiotics,alternative therapies,and probiotics and immunotherapy.We review contact precautions for patients with known or suspected C.difficileassociated disease.Healthcare institutions require accurate and rapid diagnosis for early detection of possible outbreaks,to initiate specific therapy and implement effective control measures.A comprehensive C.difficile infection control management rapid response team(RRT) is recommended for each health care facility.A communication network between RRTs is recommended,in coordination with each country's department of health.Our aim is to convey a comprehensive source of information and to guide healthcare professionals in the diffi cult decisions that they face when caring for these oftentimes very ill patients. | Perry Hookman Jamie S Barkin | 2009 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2009，15，13： | 13 |
| 2 | Meperidine: a critical review 显示文摘 | LATTA K S GINSBERG B BARKIN R L | 2002 | Am J Ther2002，9，1： | 1 |
| 3 | The role of venlafaxine and duloxetine in the treatment of depression with decremental changes in somatic symptoms of pain,chronic pain,and the pharmacokinetics and clinical considerations of duloxetine pharmacotherapy显示文摘 | Barkin RL Barkin S | 2005 | AM J Ther2005，12，： | 1 |
| 4 | Evaluation of a peaceful conflict resolution and violence prevention curriculum for sixth - grade students显示文摘 | Durant RH Barkin S Krowchuk DP | 2001 | J Adolesc Health2001，28，5： | 1 |
| 5 | The urologic care of the spinal cord injury patient显示文摘 | Barkin M Dolfin D Herschom S | 1983 | J Urol1983，129，2： | 1 |
| 6 | A phase Ⅲ, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-con- trolled, muhicentre study to assess the efficacy and safety of the beta ( 3 ) adrenoeeptor agonist, mirabegron, in patients with symptoms of overactive bladder 显示文摘 | HERSCHORN S BARKIN J CASTRO-DIAZ D | 2013 | Urology2013，82，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Internal Derangements of the TMJ: The Role Arthroscopic Surgery and Arthrocentesis 显示文摘 | Barkin S Weinberg S | 2000 | J Can Dent Assoc2000，66，： | 1 |
| 8 | Optimizing the man- agement of benign protatic hyperplasia显示文摘 | Elterman D S Barkin J Kaplan S A | 2012 | Ther Adv Urol2012，4，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Highly efficient 1,4 additions of electron-deficient ary/ boronic acids wilh a novel Rhodium(D quinonoid catalyst 显示文摘 | Trenkle W C Barkin J L Son U S et tl | 2006 | Organometallics2006，25，15： | 1 |
| 10 | Wireless capsule endoscopy requiring surgical intervention:the world experience 显示文摘 | Barkin JS Friedman S | 2003 | Am J Gastroen- terol2003，，： | 1 |
| 11 | Conversion from an orobiliary to a nasobiliary tube: a hands off method 显示文摘 | Shah S MA Barkin J S | 2007 | Gastrointestinal Endoscopy2007，65，2： | 1 |
| 12 | Wireless capsule endoscopy in the evaluation of the esophagus显示文摘 | O' Loughlin C Barkin J S | 2004 | Curr Gastroenterol Rep2004，6，3： | 1 |
| 13 | Medical therapy for chronic gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin显示文摘 | BARKIN J S ROSS B S | 1998 | Am J Gastroenterol1998，93，： | 1 |
| 14 | Wireless Capsule endoscopy requiring surgical intervention:the wodd's experience显示文摘 | Barkin JS Friedman S | 2002 | AJG2002，97，3： | 1 |
| 15 | Wireless Capsule Endoscopy requiring surgical intervention: the world’s experience显示文摘 | Jamie S Barkin Shosh Friedman | 2002 | The American Journal of Gastroenterology2002，，9： | 1 |
| 16 | Optimizing the management of benign prostatic hyperplasia显示文摘 | Elterman D S Barkin J Kaplan S A | | 0，，09： | 1 |
| 17 | Age as a risk factor in colonoscopy: fact versus fiction显示文摘 | DIPRIMA R E BARKIN J S BLINDER M | 1988 | Am J Gastr~n- terol1988，83，2： | 1 |
| 18 | Evaluation of obturation of curved canals prepared by the Canal Master - U systsm显示文摘 | Barkins W Montgomery S | 1992 | J Endod1992，18，： | 1 |
| 19 | Should nonsteroidal anti- inflamatory drugs NSAIDs be prescribed to the old eradult显示文摘 | Barkin R L Beckerman M Blum S L | 2010 | Drugs Aging2010，27，10： | 1 |
| 20 | Report of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute's Working Group on obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors in congenital heart disease显示文摘 | Pemberton VL McCrindle BW Barkin S | 2010 | Circulation2010，121，9： | 1 |
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