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| 1 | Clostridium diffi cile associated infection,diarrhea and colitis显示文摘A new,hypervirulent strain of Clostridium difficile,called NAP1/BI/027,has been implicated in C.diffi cile outbreaks associated with increased morbidity and mortality since the early 2000s.The epidemic strain is resistant to fluoroquinolones in vitro,which was infrequent prior to 2001.The name of this strain reflects its characteristics,demonstrated by different typing methods:pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(NAP1),restriction endonuclease analysis(BI) and polymerase chain reaction(027).In 2004 and 2005,the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC) emphasized that the risk of C.diff icile-associated diarrhea(CDAD) is increased,not only by the usual factors,including antibiotic exposure,but also gastrointestinal surgery/manipulation,prolonged length of stay in a healthcare setting,serious underlying illness,immune-compromising conditions,and aging.Patients on proton pump inhibitors(PPIs) have an elevated risk,as do peripartum women and heart transplant recipients.Before 2002,toxic megacolon in C.diffi cile-associated colitis(CDAC),was rare,but its incidence has increased dramatically.Up to twothirds of hospitalized patients may be infected with C.diff icile.Asymptomatic carriers admitted to healthcare facilities can transmit the organism to other susceptible patients,thereby becoming vectors.Fulminant colitis is reported more frequently during outbreaks of C.diffi cile infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(IBD).C.difficile infection with IBD carries a higher mortality than without underlying IBD.This article reviews the latest information on C.diffi cile infection,including presentation,vulnerable hosts and choice of antibiotics,alternative therapies,and probiotics and immunotherapy.We review contact precautions for patients with known or suspected C.difficileassociated disease.Healthcare institutions require accurate and rapid diagnosis for early detection of possible outbreaks,to initiate specific therapy and implement effective control measures.A comprehensive C.difficile infection control management rapid response team(RRT) is recommended for each health care facility.A communication network between RRTs is recommended,in coordination with each country's department of health.Our aim is to convey a comprehensive source of information and to guide healthcare professionals in the diffi cult decisions that they face when caring for these oftentimes very ill patients. | Perry Hookman Jamie S Barkin | 2009 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2009，15，13： | 13 |
| 2 | Evidences of the expanding Earth from space-geodetic data over solid land and sea level rise in recent two decades显示文摘According to the space-geodetic data recorded at globally distributed stations over solid land spanning a period of more than 20-years under the International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2008,our previous estimate of the average-weighted vertical variation of the Earth's solid surface suggests that the Earth's solid part is expanding at a rate of 0.24 ± 0.05 mm/a in recent two decades.In another aspect,the satellite altimetry observations spanning recent two decades demonstrate the sea level rise(SLR) rate 3.2 ± 0.4 mm/a,of which1.8 ± 0.5 mm/a is contributed by the ice melting over land.This study shows that the oceanic thermal expansion is 1.0 ± 0.1 mm/a due to the temperature increase in recent half century,which coincides with the estimate provided by previous authors.The SLR observation by altimetry is not balanced by the ice melting and thermal expansion,which is an open problem before this study.However,in this study we infer that the oceanic part of the Earth is expanding at a rate about 0.4 mm/a.Combining the expansion rates of land part and oceanic part,we conclude that the Earth is expanding at a rate of 0.35 ± 0.47 mm/a in recent two decades.If the Earth expands at this rate,then the altimetry-observed SLR can be well explained. | Shen Wenbin Shen Ziyu Sun Rong Barkin Yuri | 2015 | Geodesy and Geodynamics2015，6，4： | 2 |
| 3 | Efficacy and safety of long-term treatment with the dual 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride in men with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia显示文摘 | Debruyne Frans Barkin Jack | 2004 | BJU International Supplement2004，94，2： | 1 |
| 4 | Small bowel push - type fiboroptic enteroscopy for patients with occult gastrointestinal bleeding or suspected small bowel pathology 显示文摘 | Chong J Tagle M Barkin JS | 1994 | Am J Gastroenterol1994，89，12： | 1 |
| 5 | Meperidine: a critical review 显示文摘 | LATTA K S GINSBERG B BARKIN R L | 2002 | Am J Ther2002，9，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Randomized, doub- le - blind, dose - ranging study of pentosan polysulfate sodium for interstitial cystitis 显示文摘 | Nickel J C Barkin J Forrest J | 2005 | Urology2005，65，4： | 1 |
| 7 | Medical therapy for chronic gastrointestinal bleeding of obscure origin显示文摘 | Barkin JS Ross BS | | American Journal of Gastroenterology0，，： | 1 |
| 8 | Erectile dysfunction and hypogonadism (low testosterone)显示文摘 | Barkin J | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 9 | The role of venlafaxine and duloxetine in the treatment of depression with decremental changes in somatic symptoms of pain,chronic pain,and the pharmacokinetics and clinical considerations of duloxetine pharmacotherapy显示文摘 | Barkin RL Barkin S | 2005 | AM J Ther2005，12，： | 1 |
| 10 | Efficacy of venlafaxine for the long term treatment of chronic pain with associated major de- pressive disorder 显示文摘 | Bradley RH Barkin RL Jerome J | 2003 | Am J Ther2003，10，5： | 1 |
| 11 | Evaluation of a peaceful conflict resolution and violence prevention curriculum for sixth - grade students显示文摘 | Durant RH Barkin S Krowchuk DP | 2001 | J Adolesc Health2001，28，5： | 1 |
| 12 | Dutasteride 266-7 provides sustained symptom relief following short term combination treatment with tamsulosin显示文摘 | Barkin J Guimaraes M Do Castelo V | 2002 | J Urol2002，167，： | 1 |
| 13 | Management of benign prostatic hyperplasia by the primary carephysician in the 21st century:the new paradigm显示文摘 | Barkin J | 2008 | Can J Urol2008，15，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Alpha-blocker therapy can be withdrawn in the majority of men following initial combination therapy with the dual 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride显示文摘 | Barkin J Guimaraes M Jacobi G | 2003 | European Urology2003，44，4： | 1 |
| 15 | Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to pancreatic cancer显示文摘 | Barkin JS Goldstein JA | 2000 | Biomed Pharmacother2000，54，： | 1 |
| 16 | Age as a risk factor in colonoscopy : fact versus fiction 显示文摘 | DiPrima RE Barkin JS Blinder M | 1988 | Am J Gastroenterol1988，83，2： | 1 |
| 17 | Diagnostic and therapeutic approach to pancreatic cancer显示文摘 | Barkin JS Goldstein JA | 2000 | Biomed Phannacother2000，54，7： | 1 |
| 18 | The urologic care of the spinal cord injury patient显示文摘 | Barkin M Dolfin D Herschom S | 1983 | J Urol1983，129，2： | 1 |
| 19 | Meta-analysis of eight randomized,double-blind,controlled clinical trials of mirtazapine for the teatment of patients with major depression and symptoms of anxiety显示文摘 | Barkin RL | 1998 | J Clin Psychiatry1998，59，： | 1 |
| 20 | A meta analysis of eight randomized, controlled clinic trials of mirtazapine for the treatment of pa tients with major depression and symptoms of anxiety显示文摘 | Fawcettt J Barkin RL | 1998 | J Clin Psychiatry1998，59，3： | 1 |
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