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| 1 | Silvicultural alternatives to conventional even-aged forest man-agement-what limits global adoption?显示文摘Background: The development of forestry as a scientific and management discipline over the last two centuries has mainly emphasized intensive management operations focused on increased commodity production, mostly wood. This 'conventional' forest management approach has typically favored production of even-aged, single-species stands. While alternative management regimes have generally received less attention, this has been changing over the last three decades, especially in countries with developed economies. Reasons for this change include a combination of new information and concerns about the ecological consequences of intensive forestry practices and a willingness on the part of many forest owners and society to embrace a wider set of management objectives. Alternative silvicultural approaches are characterized by a set of fundamental principles, including avoidance of clearcutting, an emphasis on structural diversity and small-scale variability, deployment of mixed species with natural regeneration,and avoidance of intensive site-preparation methods.Methods: Our compilation of the authors' experiences and perspectives from various parts of the world aims to initiate a larger discussion concerning the constraints to and the potential of adopting alternative silvicultural practices.Results: The results suggest that a wider adoption of alternative silvicultural practices is currently hindered by a suite of ecological, economic, logistical, informational, cultural, and historical constraints. Individual contexts display their own unique combinations and relative significance of these constraints, and accordingly, targeted efforts, such as regulations and incentives, may help to overcome specific challenges.Conclusions: In a broader context, we propose that less emphases on strict applications of principles and on stand structures might provide additional flexibility and facilitate the adoption of alternative silvicultural regimes in a broader set of circumstances. At the same time, the acceptance of alternative silvicultural systems as the 'preferred or default mode of management' wil necessitate and benefit from the continued development of the scientific basis and valuation of a variety of ecosystem goods and services. This publication is aimed to further the discussion in this context. | Klaus J Puettmann Scott McG Wilson Susan C Baker Pablo J Donoso Lars Dr?ssler Girma Amente Brian D Harvey Thomas Knoke Yuanchang Lu Susanna Nocentini Francis E Putz Toshiya Yoshida Jürgen Bauhus | 2015 | Forest Ecosystems2015，2，2： | 4 |
| 2 | Magnetic resonance imaging of breast cancer: clinical indications and breast MRI reporting system显示文摘 | Ikeda MD Baker DR Daniel BL | 2000 | J Magn Resort Imaging2000，12，6： | 1 |
| 3 | Mechanical consequences of core drilling and hone-grafting on osteonecrosis of the femoral head显示文摘 | Brown TD Pedersen DR Baker KJ | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 4 | Meehanieal consequences of core drilling and bone-grafting on osteoneerosis ofthe femoral head显示文摘 | Brown TD Pedersen DR Baker KJ | 1993 | J Bone Joint Surg(Am)1993，75，： | 1 |
| 5 | Mechanical consequences of core drilling and bone-grafting on osteonecrosis of the femoral head 显示文摘 | Brown TD Pedersen DR Baker KJ | 1993 | J Bone Joint Surg(Am)1993，75，12： | 1 |
| 6 | Metalloproteinase inhibitors: biological actions and therapeutic opportunities显示文摘 | Baker AH Edwards DR Murphy G | 2002 | J Cell Sci2002，115，19： | 1 |
| 7 | Mechanical conse- quences of core drilling and bone - grafting on osteoneerosis of the femoral head 显示文摘 | Brown TD Pedersen DR Baker KJ | 1993 | J Bone Joint Snrg Am1993，75，9： | 1 |
| 8 | Corticosteroids in the initial treatment of Kawasaki disease: report of a randomized trial显示文摘 | Sundel RP Baker AL Fulton DR | 2003 | J Pediatr2003，142，6： | 1 |
| 9 | Effects of chronic renal failure and growth hormone therapy on the insuline-like growth factors and their binding proteins显示文摘 | Powell DR Liu F Baker BK | 2000 | Pediatr Nephrol2000，14，7： | 1 |
| 10 | Mechanical consequences of core drilling and bone-gafting on osteonecrosis of the femoral head显示文摘 | Brown TD Pedersen DR Baker K J | 1993 | J Bone Joint Surg(Am)1993，75，： | 1 |
| 11 | Corticosteroids in the initial treatment of Kawasaki disease: report of a randomized trial 显示文摘 | Sundel RP Baker AL Fulton DR | 2003 | J Pediatr2003，142，6： | 1 |
| 12 | Metalloproteinaseinhibitors :biological actions and therapeutic opportunities显示文摘 | Baker AH Edwards DR Murphy G | 2002 | Cell Sci2002，115，19： | 1 |
| 13 | Markers of Inflam mation,Coagulation and Renal Function Are Elevated in Adults with HIV Infection显示文摘 | Neuhaus J Jacobs DR Jr Baker JV | | 0，，12： | 1 |
| 14 | Cortieosteroids in the initial treatment of Kawasaki disease : report of a randomized trial 显示文摘 | Sundel liP Baker AL Fulton DR | 2003 | J Pediatr2003，142，6： | 1 |
| 15 | Corticosteroids in the initial treatment of Kawasaki disease: Report of a randomized trial 显示文摘 | Sundel RP Baker AL Fulton DR | 2003 | J Pediatr2003，142，6： | 1 |
| 16 | Metalloproteinase inhibitors: biological actions and therapeutic opportunities 显示文摘 | Baker AH Edwards DR Murphy G | 2002 | Journal of Cell Science2002，115，19： | 1 |
| 17 | Metalloproteinase in-hibitors:biological actions and therapeutic opportunities 显示文摘 | Baker AH Edwards DR Murphy G | 2002 | J Cell Sci2002，115，19： | 1 |
| 18 | Mechanical consequences of core drilling and bone grafting on osteonecrosis of the femoral head显示文摘 | Brown TD Pedersen DR Baker KJ | 1993 | J Bone Joint Surg(Am)1993，75，： | 1 |
| 19 | Endogenous and xenobiotic metabolite profiling of liver extracts from SCID and chimeric humanized mice following repeated o- ral administration of troglitazone显示文摘 | Barnes AJ Baker DR Hobby K | 2014 | Xenobiotica2014，44，2： | 1 |
| 20 | Long-term outcome of Macintosh reconstruction of chronic anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency using fascia lata显示文摘 | Johnston DR Baker A Rose C | 2003 | J Orthop Sci2003，8，6： | 1 |
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