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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | The Stroke Outcomes and Neuroimaging of Intracranial Atherosclerosis (SONIA) Trial显示文摘 | E Feldmann J L. Wilterdink A Kosinski M Lynn M I. Chimowitz J Sarafin H H. Smith F Nichols J Rogg H J. Cloft L Wechsler J Saver S R. Levine C Tegeler R Adams M Sloan | 2007 | Neurology2007，，24： | 2 |
| 3 | Intratumoral de-livery of boronated epidermal growth factor for neutron cap-ture therapy of brain tumors显示文摘 | Yang W Barth R F Adams D M | 1997 | Carcer Res1997，57，19： | 1 |
| 4 | Retrieval-induced forgetting in normal age-ing显示文摘 | Hogge M Adam S Collette F | 2008 | J Neuropsychol2008，2，2： | 1 |
| 5 | Gas chromatography inductively coupled plasma time-of-flight mass spectrometry for the speciation analysis of organolead compounds in environmental water samples 显示文摘 | Heisterkam P M Adams F C | 2001 | Fresenius J Anal Chem2001，370，： | 1 |
| 6 | Use of High-pressure Processing for Oyster Shucking and Shelf-life Extension 显示文摘 | lie H Adams R M Farkas D F | 2002 | Journal of Food Science2002，67，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Analytical models of adhesively bonded joints-Part I:literature survey显示文摘 | da Silva L F M das Neves P J C Adams R D | 2009 | International Journal of Adhesion and Adhesives2009，29，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Sur-rogate end points in heart failure trials显示文摘 | Gheorghiade M Adams K F Jr Gattis W A | 2003 | Am Heart J2003，145，2： | 1 |
| 9 | A Longitudinal evaluation of baccalaureate nursing students' critical thinking abilities 显示文摘 | Marsba Howell Adams Lynn M Joy F | 1999 | Journal of Nursing Education1999，38，3： | 1 |
| 10 | Vasopressin: a new target for the treatment of heart failure显示文摘 | Craig R Lee Michael L Watkins J.Herbert Patterson Wendy Gattis Christopher M O'Connor Mihai Gheorghiade Kirkwood F Adams | 2003 | American Heart Journal2003，，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Distribution of cardiac stem cel s in the human heart显示文摘 | Arsalan M Woitek F Adams V | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 12 | Speciation of organotin in environmental sediment samples 显示文摘 | CEULEMANS M SLAETS S ADAMS F | 1998 | Talanta1998，46，： | 1 |
| 13 | Use of High-pressure Processing for Oyster Shucking and Shelf- life Extension 显示文摘 | H He R M Adams D F Farkas | 2002 | Journal of food science2002，67，2： | 1 |
| 14 | Chemkine receptors and their role in inflammation and infectious diseases显示文摘 | Adam F | 2000 | Blood2000，95，10： | 1 |
| 15 | The effect of liquid nitrogen submersion of cryopreserved human heart valvels显示文摘 | Adam M Hu J F Lange P | 1990 | Cryobiology1990，27，： | 1 |
| 16 | Gerreral health and psychological symptom status in pregnancy and the puerperium:what is normal? 显示文摘 | OTCHET F CAREY M S ADAM L | 1999 | Obstet Gynecol1999，94，3： | 1 |
| 17 | Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme - linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses显示文摘 | Clark M F Adams A N | 1977 | Journal of Genernal Virology1977，34，： | 1 |
| 18 | Investigation of soybean oil as a diesel fuel extender:endurance tests显示文摘 | Adams C Peters J F Rand M C | 1983 | Journal America Oil Chemistry Soc1983，60，： | 1 |
| 19 | Anemia as a risk factor and therapeutic target in heart failure显示文摘 | Felker G M Adams K F Gattis W A | 2004 | J Am Coll Cardiol2004，44，： | 1 |
| 20 | Characterisation and comparison of industrially pre-treated homopolymer polypro- pylene显示文摘 | Green M D Guild F J Adams R D | 2002 | Int J Adhesion Adhesives2002，22，1： | 1 |
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