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| 1 | A simplified index to assess the combined impact of tropical cyclone precipitation and wind on China显示文摘Relationships between tropical cyclone(TC)precipitation,wind,and storm damage are analyzed for China based on TCs over the period from 1984 to 2013.The analysis shows that the maximum daily areal precipitation from stations with daily precipitation of ≥50 mm and the sum of wind gusts of ≥13.9 m/s can be used to estimate the main damage caused by TCs,and an index combining the precipitation and wind gust of a TC(IPWT)is defined to assess the severity of the combined impact of precipitation and wind.The correlation coefficient between IPWT and the damage index for affecting TCs is 0.80,which is higher than that for only precipitation or wind.All TCs with precipitation and wind affecting China are divided intofive categories,Category 0 to Category 4,based on IPWT,where higher categories refer to higher combined impacts of precipitation and wind.The combined impact category is closely related to damage category and it can be used to estimate the potential damage category in operational work.There are 87.7%,72.9%,69.8%,and 73.4%of cases that have the same or one category difference between damage category and combined impact category for Categories 1,2,3,and 4,respectively.IPWT and its classification can be used to assess the severity of the TC impact and of combined precipitation and wind conveniently and accurately,and the potential damage caused by TCs.The result will be a good supplementary data for TC intensity,precipitation,wind,and damage.In addition,IPWT can be used as an index to judge the reliability of damage data.Further analysis of the annual frequency of combined precipitation-wind impact categories reveals no significant increasing or decreasing trend in impact over China over the past 30 years. | Peiyan CHEN Hui YU Ming XU Xiaotu LEI Feng ZENG | 2019 | Frontiers of Earth Science2019，13，4： | 9 |
| 2 | INTRODUCTION AND APPILICATION OF A NEW COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT INDEX FOR DAMAGE CAUSED BY TROPICAL CYCLONES显示文摘Using principal component analysis,a new comprehensive assessment index for damage caused by tropical cyclones in China's Mainland is developed based on data from 1984 to 2008.it is a weighted average of four kinds of damage data:including the deaths and missing,affected crop area,destroyed houses,and rate of direct economic loss.The weighting coefficients are set by principal component analysis.Two indices are derived,which differ in the importance of the deaths and missing in severity assessment according to the sign of the second principal component of damage data.Trends in the damage caused by individual tropical cyclones and in the annual frequencies of the various levels of severity of damage caused by tropical cyclones are analyzed.no clear trend in damage from individual tropical cyclones is found.The annual frequency of tropical cyclones causing heavy and catastrophic damage shows a clear decrease from 1984 to 2008 with no trend in the total number of damaging tropical cyclones. | Peiyan Chen Xiaotu Lei Ming Ying | 2013 | Tropical Cyclone Research and Review2013，2，3： | 7 |
| 3 | Estimation of tropical cyclone parameters and wind fields from SAR images显示文摘The traditional method of Synthetic Aperture Radar(SAR)wind field retrieval is based on an empirical relation between the near surface winds and the normalized radar backscatter cross section to estimate wind speeds,where this relation is called the geophysical model function(GMF).However,the accuracy rapidly decreases due to the impact of rainfall on the measurement of SAR and the saturation of backscattered intensity under the condition of tropical cyclone.Because of no available instrument synchronously monitoring rain rate on the satellite platform of SAR,we have to derive the precipitation of the SAR observation time from non-simultaneous passive microwave observations of rain in combination with geostationary IR images,and then use the model of rain correction to remove the impact of rain on SAR wind field measurements.For the saturation of radar backscatter cross section in high wind speed conditions,we develop an approach to estimate tropical cyclone parameters and wind fields based on the improved Holland model and the SAR image features of tropical cyclone.To retrieve the low-to-moderate wind speed,the wind direction of tropical cyclone is estimated from the SAR image using wavelet analysis.And then the maximum wind speed and the central pressure of tropical cyclone are calculated by a least square minimization of the difference between the improved Holland model and the low-to-moderate wind speed retrieved from SAR.In addition,wind fields are estimated from the improved Holland model using the above-mentioned parameters of tropical cyclone as input.To evaluate the accuracy of our approach,the SAR images of typhoon Aere,typhoon Khanun,and hurricane Ophelia are used to estimate tropical cyclone parameters and wind fields,which are compared with the best track data and reanalyzed wind fields of the Joint Typhoon Warning Center(JTWC)and the Hurricane Research Division(HRD).The results indicate that the tropical cyclone center,maximum wind speed,and central pressure are generally consistent with the best track data,and wind fields agree well with reanalyzed data from HRD. | ZHOU Xuan YANG XiaoFeng LI ZiWei YU Yang BI HaiBo MA Sheng LI XiaoFeng | 2013 | Science China Earth Sciences2013，56，11： | 4 |
| 4 | 基于历史资料的热带气旋大风定点预报及检验显示文摘热带气旋是沿海地区最具破坏力的自然灾害之一。研究近海热带气旋对深圳三个重点港湾码头站的定量阵风预报。在前人研究的基础上,除了考虑热带气旋强度、热带气旋相对于气象台站的距离、方位角等热带气旋特性因素外,进一步详细分析了热带气旋尺寸对热带气旋引发重点区域的定点阵风预报影响。研究使用2014年以前的港湾码头站在热带气旋影响期间的小时极大风观测记录与各热带气旋特性因素建立预报模型,用2015—2018年的14个近海热带气旋对港湾码头站的小时极大风影响来检验预报模型的实用性。结果发现在进一步考虑了热带气旋尺寸因素对热带气旋引发定点大风影响后,预报模型可以精准地预报重点区域的最大阵风值,其预报结果可为行业气象风险评估提供有价值的参考。 | 李辉 李晴岚 黄典 张蕾 李广鑫 张立杰 张莉 杨悦新 | 2019 | 热带气象学报2019，35，5： | 3 |
| 5 | 西北太平洋热带气旋频数异常与五类主要大尺度环流型的关系显示文摘利用Yoshida and Ishikawa(2013)提出的一套客观分类方法对1979—2013年夏季(5—10月)共796个热带气旋(Tropical Cyclone,TC)生成前的大尺度环流背景场进行了分型,主要包括了季风切变线型(monsoon Shear Line,SL)、季风涡旋区(monsoon Gyre,GY)、季风辐合区(monsoon Confluence Region,CR)、东风波(Easterly Wave,EW)和热带气旋生成诱发的罗斯贝波扰动(Preexisting Tropical Cyclone,PTC)五大类大尺度环流型,其中SL、CR、GY与季风环流型紧密相关联。统计结果显示,大部分热带气旋生成与季风槽环流有关,并分析了五类环流型扰动下TC生成的位置及强度特征。基于分型结果可知,PTC环流型的异常增强和季风槽环流型的异常减弱是导致TC异常增加和异常减少的主要因素。并初步给出了可能的物理成因。 | 周伟灿 张小雨 赵海坤 沈新勇 | 2022 | 大气科学学报2022，45，1： | 2 |
| 6 | Dynamics of local extreme rainfall of super Typhoon Soudelor (2015) in East China显示文摘The characteristics and dynamics associated with the distribution, intensity, and triggering factors of local severe precipitation in Zhejiang Province induced by Super Typhoon Soudelor(2015) were investigated using mesoscale surface observations, radar reflectivity, satellite nephograms, and the final(FNL) analyses of the Global Forecasting System(GFS) of the National Center for Environmental Prediction(NCEP). The rainfall processes during Soudelor's landfall and translation over East China could be separated into four stages based on rainfall characteristics such as distribution, intensity, and corresponding dynamics. The relatively less precipitation in the first stage resulted from interaction between the easterly wind to the north flank of this tropical cyclone(TC) and the coastal topography along the southeast of Zhejiang Province, China. With landfall of the TC in East China during the second stage, precipitation maxima occurred because of interaction between the TC's principal rainbands and the local topography from northeastern Fujian Province to southwestern Zhejiang Province. The distribution of precipitation presented significant asymmetric features in the third stage with maximal rainfall bands in the northeast quadrant of the TC when Soudelor's track turned from westward to northward as the TC decayed rapidly. Finally, during the northward to northeastward translation of the TC in the fourth stage, the interaction between a mid-latitude weather system and the northern part of the TC resulted in transfer of the maximum rainfall from the north of Zhejiang Province to the north of Jiangsu Province,which represented the end of rainfall in Zhejiang Province. Further quantitative calculations of the rainfall rate induced by the interaction between local topography and TC circulation(defined as 'orographic effects') in the context of a one-dimensional simplified model showed that orographic effects were the primary factor determining the intensity of precipitation in this case,and accounted for over 50% of the total precipitation. The asymmetric distribution of the TC's rainbands was closely related to the asymmetric distribution of moisture resulted from changes of the TC's structure, and led to asymmetric distribution of local intense precipitation induced by Soudelor. Based on analysis of this TC, it could be concluded that local severe rainfall in the coastal regions of East China is closely related to changes of TC structure and intensity, as well as the outer rainbands. In addition, precipitation intensity and duration will increase correspondingly because of the complex interactions between the TC and local topography, and the particular TC track along large-scale steering flow. The results of this study may be useful for the understanding, prediction, and warning of disasters induced by local extreme rainfall caused by TCs, especially for facilitating forecasting and warning of flooding and mudslides associated with torrential rain caused by interactions between landfalling TCs and coastal topography. | Jinsong PAN Daigao TENG Fuqing ZHANG Lingli ZHOU Ling LUO Yonghui WENG Yunji ZHANG | 2018 | Science China Earth Sciences2018，61，5： | 1 |
| 7 | Consistency correction of echo intensity data for multiple radar systems and its application in quantitative estimation of typhoon precipitation显示文摘Calibration error is one of the primary sources of bias in echo intensity measurements by ground-based radar systems.Calibration errors cause data discontinuity between adjacent radars and reduce the effectiveness of the radar system.The Global Precipitation Measurement Kuband Precipitation Radar(GPM KuPR)has been shown to provide stable long-term observations.In this study,GPM KuPR observations were converted to S-band approximations,which were then matched spatially and temporally with ground-based radar observations.The measurements of stratiform precipitation below the melting layer collected by the KuPR during Typhoon Ampil were compared with those of multiple radar systems in the Yangtze River Delta to determine the deviations in the echo intensity between the KuPR and the ground-based radar systems.The echo intensity data collected by the ground-based radar systems was corrected using the KuPR observations as reference,and the correction results were verified by comparing them with rain gauge observations.It was found that after the correction,the consistency of the echo intensity measurements of the multiple radar systems improved significantly,and the precipitation estimates based on the revised ground-based radar observations were closer to the rain gauge measurements. | Shuai ZHANG Jing HAN Bingke ZHAO Zhigang CHU Jie TANG Limin LIN Xiaoqin LU Jiaming YAN | 2022 | Frontiers of Earth Science2022，16，1： | 0 |
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