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| 1 | Processes and mechanisms of multi-collapse of loess roads in seasonally frozen ground regions: A review显示文摘Usually, the collapsible loess widely distributed across the world can serve as a type of foundation soil that meets its strength requirement after dense compaction and elimination of collapsibility. However, many problems such as cracks and differential settlement still occur in loess roads in the seasonally frozen ground regions after several years of operation. Many studies have demonstrated that these secondary or multiple collapses primarily result from the repeated freezing-thawing, wetting-drying, and salinization-desalinization cycles. Therefore, we conducted a research program to(1) monitor the in-situ ground temperatures and water content in certain loess roads to understand their changes,(2) study the effects of freezing-thawing, wetting-drying, and salinization-desalinization cycles on geotechnical properties and micro-fabrics of compacted loess in the laboratory, and(3) develop mitigative measures and examine their engineered effectiveness, i.e., their thermal insulating and water-proofing effects in field and laboratory tests. Our results and advances are reviewed and some further research needs are proposed. These findings more clearly explain the processes and mechanisms of secondary and multiple collapse of loess roads. We also offer references for further study of the weakening mechanisms of similar structural soils. | GuoYu Li Wei Ma Fei Wang YanHu Mu YunCheng Mao Xin Hou Hui Bing | 2015 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2015，7，4： | 2 |
| 2 | Thermal influence of ponding and buried warm-oil pipelines on permafrost: a case study of the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline显示文摘Buried pipelines are widely used for transporting oil in remote cold regions. However, the warm oil can induce considerable thermal influence on the surrounding frozen soils and result in severe maintenance problems. This paper presents a case study of the thermal influence of ponding and buried warm-oil pipelines on permafrost along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP) in Northeast China. Since its operation in 2011, the operation of the warm-oil pipelines has led to rapid warming and thawing of the surrounding permafrost and development of sizable ponding along the pipeline route,which, in return, exacerbates the permafrost degradation. A field study was conducted along a 400-km long segment of the CRCOP in permafrost regions of Northeast China to collect the location and size information of ponding. A two-dimensional heat transfer model coupled with phase change was established to analyze the thermal influence of ponding and the operation of warm-oil pipelines on the surrounding permafrost. In-situ measured ground temperatures from a monitoring site were obtained to validate the numerical model. The simulation results show that ponding accelerates the development of the thaw bulb around the pipeline. The maximum thaw depth below the pipeline increases from 4 m for the case without ponding to 9 m for the case with ponding after 50 years of operation, and ponding directly above the pipe induces the maximum thaw depth. Engineering measures should be adopted to control the size or even eliminate surface water-rich ponding for the long-term performance of buried warm-oil pipelines. | YanHu Mu MingTang Chai GuoYu Li Wei Ma Fei Wang YaPeng Cao | 2020 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2020，12，2： | 2 |
| 3 | Thermal Characteristics of the Embankment with Crushed Rock Side Slope to Mitigate Thaw Settlement Hazards of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway显示文摘永久冻土(不绝地冻结的地面) 在 Qinghai 西藏铁路的 Golmud 拉萨节广泛地出现并且被高地面温度描绘(≥
1 ° C ) 并且巨大的地面冰。在全球温暖和人的活动的情形下面,在铁路下面的永久冻土将逐渐地融化,巨大的地面冰将慢慢地融化,它主要包括纵、侧面的裂缝,和斜坡失败,导致一些解冻解决危险。压碎的岩石层在自然空气的周期的变化下面有热半导体效果。沿着 Qinghai 西藏铁路降低内在的永久冻土的温度能被用来,并且减轻路基的解冻解决危险。在现在的纸,在有压碎的岩石方面斜坡(ECRSS ) 的堤的热特征的每日、年度的变化是用数字方法模仿学习压碎的岩石层和它的止痛剂能力的冷却效果的份量上。结果证明 ECRSS 在夏天专心于一些热白天,但是它的部分在夜里被释放,它占了吸收那中的约 20% 个。在一年以内,它比专心于夏天在冬季把更多的热从铁路路基移开。它能在路基存储约 20% “冷”的精力。因此, ECRSS 是一项更好的措施减轻解冻解决危险到铁路。 | LI Guoyu MU Yanhu ZHANG Xia | 2009 | Acta Geologica Sinica(English Edition)2009，83，5： | 1 |
| 4 | Characteristics and mechanisms of embankment deformation along the Qinghai–Tibet Railway in permafrost regions显示文摘 | Wei Ma Yanhu Mu Qingbai Wu Zhizhong Sun Yongzhi Liu | 2011 | Cold Regions Science and Technology2011，，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Characteristics and mechanisms of embankment deformation along the Qinghai–Tibet Railway in permafrost regions显示文摘 | Wei Ma Yanhu Mu Qingbai Wu Zhizhong Sun Yongzhi Liu | 2011 | Cold Regions Science and Technology2011，，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Cooling effects study on ventilated embankments under the influence of the temperature differences between the sunny slopes and the shady slopes显示文摘 | Zhang Kun Dongqing Li Niu Fujun Mu Yanhu | 2010 | Cold Regions Science and Technology2010，，2： | 1 |
| 7 | Characteristics and mechanisms of embankment deformation along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost regions 显示文摘 | Ma Wei Mu Yanhu Wu Qingbai | 2011 | Cold Regions Science and Technology2011，67，： | 1 |
| 8 | Thermal regime of conventional embankments along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost regions显示文摘 | Mu Yanhu Ma Wei Wu Qingbai | 2012 | Cold Regions Science and Technology2012，70，： | 1 |
| 9 | Dynamic behavior of the Qinghai-Tibetan railway embankment in permafrost regions under trained-induced vertical loads显示文摘The unfrozen water content and ice content of frozen soil change continuously with varying temperatures,resulting in the temperature dependence of mechanical properties of frozen soil.Thus the dynamic behavior of embankment in permafrost regions under train loading also alters with seasons.Based on a series of strong-motion tests that were carried out on the traditional embankment of Qinghai-Tibet Railway(QTR)in permafrost regions,the acceleration waveforms recorded at the embankment shoulder and slope toes were obtained.Testing results show an obvious attenuation effect on the vertical train loading from road shoulder to slope toes.Furthermore,numerical simulations of a traditional embankment under vertical train loading in different seasons were conducted,and the dynamic behavior of the embankment was described.The results show that the vibration attenuation in the cold season is greater than that in the warm season.The maximum acceleration of vibration drops to about 5%when the train vibration load is transferred through the embankment into the permafrost,and the high-frequency components are absorbed when the vibration transmits downward.Moreover,the dynamic stress under the dynamic train loading decreases exponentially with an increasing depth in different seasons.The results can be a reference for design and maintenance of embankments in permafrost regions. | Tuo Chen ZhiJian Wu YanHu Mu Wei Ma JianZhou Wang | 2020 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2020，12，4： | 1 |
| 10 | Characteristics and mechanisms of embankment deformation along the Qinghai-Tibet Railway in permafrost regions 显示文摘 | Ma Wei Mu Yanhu Wu Qingbai | 2011 | Cold Regions Science and Technology2011，67，： | 1 |
| 11 | Monitoring investiga- tion on thermal stability of air-convection crushed-rock embank- ment显示文摘 | Mu Yanhu Ma Wei Liu Yongzhi | 2010 | Cold Regions Science and Technology2010，62，23： | 1 |
| 12 | Relationship between ponding and topographic factors along the China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline in permafrost regions显示文摘The original landform along the China Russia Crude Oil Pipeline(CRCOP,line 2)was disturbed during installation of pavement for the pipeline.Forest and vegetation coverage is dense,and runoff develops along the pipe.Since the opera tion of the CRCOP(line 2)began in 2018,ponding has appeared on both sides of the pipeline.If there is no drainage,ponding can hardly dissipate,due to the low permeability of the permafrost layer.With the supply of surface flow and the transportation of oil at positive temperatures,ponding promotes an increase in temperature and changes the boundary ther mal conditions of the pipeline.Meanwhile,when the ponding freezes and thaws,frost heave threatens operational safety of the pipeline.Furthermore,the ponding can affect the thermal condition of line 1.In this paper,the distribution of pond ing along the CRCOP was obtained by field investigation.The type and cause of ponding were summarized,and the catch ment and stream order were extracted by the Digital Elevation Model(DEM).According to the statistical results in attri butes for topographic factors,it is known that ponding along the pipeline is relative to elevation,slope,aspect,and the Topographic Wetness Index(TWI).Water easily accumulates at altitudes of 300450 m,slopes within 3°5°,aspect in the northeast or south,TWI within 1316,flow direction in north east south,and flow length within 90150 km.This paper proposes a theoretical basis for the cause and characteristics of ponding along the pipeline. | MingTang Chai YanHu Mu GuoYu Li Wei Ma Fei Wang | 2019 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2019，11，6： | 0 |
| 13 | Definition of failure criterion for frozen soil under directional shear-stress path显示文摘A series of directional shear tests on remolded frozen soil was carried out at 10°C by using a hollow cylinder apparatus to study failure criterion under a directional shear-stress path.Directional shear tests were conducted at five shear rates(10,20,30,40,and 50 kPa/min)and five intermediate principal stress coefficients(b=0,0.25,0.5,0.75,and 1),with the mean principal stress(p=4.5 MPa)kept constant.The results show that the torsional strength and the generalized strength both increase with the increase of the shear rates.According to the failure modes of frozen soil under different shear rates,the specimens present obvious plastic failure and shear band;and the torsional shear component dominates the failure modes of hollow cylindrical specimens.A shear rate of 30 kPa/min is chosen as the loading rate in the directional shear tests of frozen soil.The shape of the failure curve in theπplane is dependent on the directional anglesαof the major prin cipal stress.It is reasonable to use the strain-hardening curves to define the deviatoric stress value atγg=15%(generalized shear strain)as the failure criterion of frozen soil under a directional shear-stress path. | Dun Chen Wei Ma GuoYu Li ZhiWei Zhou YanHu Mu ShiJie Chen | 2019 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2019，11，6： | 0 |
| 14 | Field Observations of Near-Surface Wind Flow Across Expressway Embankment on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau显示文摘Crushed rock layers(CRLs),ventilation ducts(VDs)and thermosyphons are air-cooling structures(ACSs)widely used for maintaining the long-term stability of engineered infrastructures in permafrost environments.These ACSs can effectively cool and maintain the permafrost subgrade’s frozen state under climate warming by facilitating heat exchange with ambient air in cold seasons.As convection is a crucial working mechanism of these ACSs,it is imperative to understand the near-surface wind flow(NSWF)across a constructed infrastructure,such as an embankment.This article describes a yearlong field observation of the NSWF across an experimental expressway embankment,the first of its kind on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau(QTP).The wind speed and direction along a transect perpendicular to the embankment on both the windward and leeward sides and at four different heights above the ground surface were collected and analyzed.The results showed that the embankment has a considerable impact on the NSWF speed within a distance of up to ten times its height,and in the direction on the leeward side.A power law can well describe the speed profiles of NSWF across the embankment,with the power-law indices(PLIs)varying from 0.14 to 0.40.On an annual basis,the fitted NSWF PLI far away from the embankment was 0.19,which differs substantially from the values widely used in previous thermal performance evaluations of ACSs on the QTP.Finally,the significance of the NSWF to the thermal performance of the ACSs,particularly the CRLs and VDs,in linear transportation infrastructure is discussed.It is concluded that underestimating the PLI and neglecting wind direction variations may lead to unconservative designs of the ACSs.The results reported in this study can provide valuable guidance for infrastructure engineering on the QTP and other similar permafrost regions. | Yanhu Mu Wei Ma Zhaohui(Joey)Yang Xiaolin Li Kun Zhang Yuncheng Mao | 2022 | Engineering2022，8，7： | 0 |
| 15 | Purification of heavy metal chromium in saturated sand by artificial freezing:Mechanism and method optimization显示文摘Heavy metal pollution of soil has become one of the most common hazards in human development.The artificial freezing method,especially the progressive freezing method,can reduce heavy metal pollutants in the soil and promises to be an effective in-situ treatment of contaminated sites.This study analyzes the freezing purification mechanism of heavy metal contaminants in saturated sand and identifies three main factors that impact the effects of purification:freezing rate,initial concentration,and diffusion coefficient.Moreover,one-dimensional freezing tests are carried out by different freezing modes.The experimental results show that the heavy metal chromium could only be removed effectively with a slow freezing rate.By optimizing the freezing mode and freezing rate,a long section of soil was frozen and purified,with the maximum purification rate reaching 65.8%.This study shows that it is feasible to treat contaminated saturated sand by a gradual-cooling freezing method. | JianZhou Wang HaiHang Wang Sen Yang GuoQing Zhou YanHu Mu | 2022 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2022，14，6： | 0 |
| 16 | Seepage influence of supra-permafrost groundwater on thermal field of embankment on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau,China显示文摘As a unique hydro-geological phenomenon in permafrost regions,the seepage of supra-permafrost groundwater will carry a large amount of heat and cause differential settlement in the embankment.This paper presents the results of a field study monitoring the supra-permafrost groundwater levels on both sides of an embankment in permafrost regions.It describes a two-dimensional coupled hydro-thermal model and uses it to analyze the influence of seepage on its temperature field considering climate warming.The results show that seepage exacerbates permafrost thawing and thickens the active layer.The thermal influence on the sunny side of the embankment toe is more significant than that on the shady side,which will cause differential settlement in the embankment.After 50 years of operation,the embankment soil temperature with seepage during freezing is 0.2C warmer than that without seepage,and the thermal influence diminished with the increase in depth.Additionally,seepage influences the thermal regime in vertical and horizontal directions of the embankment.During freezing seasons,the thaw depth increases,and the horizontal thaw range decreases.During thawing seasons,the thaw range grows both vertically and horizontally. | MingTang Chai Yuan Luo Yu Gao Wei Ma YanHu Mu | 2023 | Research in Cold and Arid Regions2023，15，3： | 0 |
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