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| 1 | Effects of Nitrogen Application Levels on Ammonia Volatilization and Nitrogen Utilization during Rice Growing Season显示文摘We conducted field trials of rice grown in sandy soil and clay soil to determine the effects of nitrogen application levels on the concentration of NH4+-N in surface water,loss of ammonia through volatilization from paddy fields,rice production,nitrogen-use efficiency,and nitrogen content in the soil profile.The concentration of NH4+-N in surface water and the amount of ammonia lost through volatilization increased with increasing nitrogen application level,and peaked at 1-3 d after nitrogen application.Less ammonia was lost via volatilization from clay soil than from sandy soil.The amounts of ammonia lost via volatilization after nitrogen application differed depending on the stage when it was applied,from the highest loss to the lowest:N application to promote tillering > the first N topdressing to promote panicle initiation(applied at the last 4-leaf stage) > basal fertilizer > the second N topdressing to promote panicle initiation(applied at the last 2-leaf stage).The total loss of ammonia via volatilization from clay soil was 10.49-87.06 kg/hm2,equivalent to 10.92%-21.76% of the nitrogen applied.The total loss of ammonia via volatilization from sandy soil was 11.32?102.43 kg/hm2,equivalent to 11.32%-25.61% of the nitrogen applied.The amount of ammonia lost via volatilization and the concentration of NH4+-N in surface water peaked simultaneously after nitrogen application;both showed maxima at the tillering stage with the ratio between them ranging from 23.76% to 33.65%.With the increase in nitrogen application level,rice production and nitrogen accumulation in plants increased,but nitrogen-use efficiency decreased.Rice production and nitrogen accumulation in plants were slightly higher in clay soil than in sandy soil.In the soil,the nitrogen content was the lowest at a depth of 40-50 cm.In any specific soil layer,the soil nitrogen content increased with increasing nitrogen application level,and the soil nitrogen content was higher in clay soil than in sandy soil.In terms of ammonia volatilization,the amount of ammonia lost via volatilization increased markedly when the nitrogen application level exceeded 250 kg/hm2 in the rice growing season.However,for rice production,a suitable nitrogen application level is approximately 300 kg/hm2.Therefore,taking the needs for high crop yields and environmental protection into account,the appropriate nitrogen application level was 250-300 kg/hm2 in these conditions. | LIN Zhong-cheng DAI Qi-gen YE Shi-chao WU Fu-guan JIA Yu-shu CHEN Jing-dou XU Lu-sheng ZHANG Hong-cheng Huo Zhong-yang Xu Ke WEt Hai-yan | 2012 | Rice science2012，19，2： | 9 |
| 2 | Week 48 resistance surveillance in two phase 3 clinical studies of adefovir dipivoxil for chronic hepatitis B显示文摘 | Westland CE Yang H Delaney WEt | 2003 | Hepatology2003，38，： | 1 |
| 3 | L-shaped linear programs with application to optimal control and stochastic program- ming显示文摘 | Van Slyke R Wets R B | 1969 | SlAM Journal on Applied Mathematics1969，17，： | 1 |
| 4 | Soybean GmbZIP44, GmbZIP62 and GmbZIP78 genes function as negative regulator of ABA signa- ling and contr salt and tieezing tolerance in transgenic Arabidop- sis显示文摘 | Liao Y Zou H F Wet W | 2008 | Planta2008，228，2： | 1 |
| 5 | Minimization by random research techniques显示文摘 | Solis F Wets R | 1981 | Mathematics of Operations Research1981，6，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Minimization by random search techniques 显示文摘 | Solis F J Wets R J B | 1981 | Mathematics of Operations Research (S0364-765X)1981，6，1： | 1 |
| 7 | Emulsion polymerization of an epoxy - acrylate emulsion stabilized with polyacrylate,(i) influence of salt, initiators, neutralizing amine and stirring speed 显示文摘 | Wet - roos D Knoetze J H Cooray B | 1999 | J Appl Polym Sci1999，71，8： | 1 |
| 8 | Studies of the Interaction of Cationic Gemini Surfactants with Polymers and Triblock Copolymers in Aqueous Solution显示文摘 | Wetting S D Verrall R E | 2001 | J Colloid Interface Sci2001，244，2： | 1 |
| 9 | Minimization by Random Search Techniques显示文摘 | Solis F J Wets R T B | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 10 | Effect of salts and organic acids on metab- olite production and microbial parameters of piglets' diges- tive tract显示文摘 | KASPROWICZ-POTOCKA M FRANKIEWICZ A SEL- WET M | 2009 | Livest Sci2009，126，1： | 1 |
| 11 | Predicting smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis with classification trees and logistic regression: a cross-sectional study 显示文摘 | Fernanda Carvalho de Queiroz Mello Luiz Gustavo do Valle Bastos Sergio Luiz Machado Soares Valeria MC Rezende Marcus Barreto Conde Richard E Chaisson Afranio Lineu Kritski Antonio Ruffino Netto Guilherme Looreiro Wet neck | 2006 | BMC Public Health2006，23，6： | 1 |
| 12 | Minimization by Random Search Techniques显示文摘 | Solis F Wets R | 1981 | Mathematics of Operations Research1981，6，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Characterization of model uncertainty in the static pile design formula显示文摘 | DITHINDE M PHOON K K WET M D | 2011 | Journal of Geoteehnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering2011，137，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Self-etching bonding sys- tems:in vitro shear bond strength evaluation 显示文摘 | Brandt PD de Wet FA du Preez IC | 2006 | SAD J2006，61，1： | 1 |
| 15 | Identification and characterization of Bphl4, a gene conferring resistance to brown planthopper in rice 显示文摘 | Du B Zhang W Liu B Hu J Wet Z Shi Z He R Zhu L Chen R Han B He G | 2009 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences2009，106，22： | 1 |
| 16 | Character- ization of model uncertainty in the static pile design for- mula显示文摘 | Dithinde M Phoon K K De Wet M | 2011 | Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmen- tal Engineering2011，137，1： | 1 |
| 17 | DC side short circuit transient simulation of DC traction power supply system显示文摘 | Qin lijun Yang qixun Ding fuhua | 2004 | International Conference on Power System Technology2004，1，4： | 1 |
| 18 | Potential effect of population and climate changes on global distribution of dengue fever,an empirical model显示文摘 | Hales S de Wet N Maindonald J | 2002 | The Lancet2002，360，： | 1 |
| 19 | Sub-linear upper bounds for stochastic programs with recourse显示文摘 | BIRGE J R WETS J B | 1989 | Math Programming1989，43，1： | 1 |
| 20 | Characterization of Sphaeropsis sapinea isolates from South Africa, Mexico, and Indonesia 显示文摘 | De Wet J Wingfield M J Coutinho T A | 2000 | Plant Disease2000，84，2： | 1 |
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