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| 1 | Understanding the effects of radiative preheat and self-emission from shock heating on equation of state measurement at 100s of Mbar using spherically converging shock waves in a NIF hohlraum显示文摘Over the last six years many experiments have been done at the National Ignition Facility to measure the Hugoniot of materials,such asCHplastic at extreme pressures,up to 800 Mbar.The“Gbar”design employs a strong spherically converging shock launched through a solid ball of material using a hohlraum radiation drive.The shock front conditions are characterized using x-ray radiography.In this paper we examine the role of radiation in heating the unshocked material in front of the shock to understand the impact it has on equation of state measurements and how it drives the measured data off the theoretical Hugoniot curve.In particular,the two main sources of radiation heating are the preheating of the unshocked material by the high-energy kilo-electron-volt x-rays in the hohlraum and the heating of the material in front of the shock,as the shocked material becomes hot enough to radiate significantly.Using our model,we estimate that preheating can reach 4 eV in unshocked material,and that radiation heating can begin to drive data off the Hugoniot significantly,as pressures reach above 400 Mb. | Joseph Nilsen Andrea L.Kritcher Madison EMartin Robert E.Tipton Heather D.Whitley Damian C.Swift Tilo Doppner Benjamin L.Bachmann Amy E.Lazicki Natalie B.Kostinski Brian R.Maddox Gilbert W.Collins Siegfried H.Glenzer Roger W.Falcone | 2020 | Matter and Radiation at Extremes2020，5，1： | 5 |
| 2 | 第14章 气候的辐射强迫:辐射强迫的概念、强迫机制及其量化和应用的历史演变显示文摘我们描述地球气候'辐射强迫'(RF,见,例如,IPCC 1990)的概念化、公式化、量化、应用和使用的历史演变。短波和长波辐射的基本理论在19到20世纪发展起来,建立了确定和量化的自然和人为影响地球辐射能量平衡的扰动的分析框架。19世纪首次洞见到二氧化碳的变化会辐射强迫地球气候,并得到从1957年开始的大气气体浓度持续观测的经验支持。20世纪实验室和外场观测、仪器、计算技术、充分混合的温室气体和气候系统的数据和分析等的进步,使得RF的开发和形成体系成为可能,这使得RF在复杂程度增加的统计模式的帮助下,与全球平均海平面温度的变化联系到一起。这也反过来,在1990年前确立和牢固了RF是气候科学中的核心概念。与地表温度建立联系,被证明是RF概念最重要的应用,建立了评估不同机制的相对气候影响的简单指标。1970年代后期和1980年代,量化评估被加速开发,包括首次对二氧化碳加倍强迫的气候影响评估('查尼'报告),这一概念随后超越了充分混合的温室气体(WMGHG:二氧化碳、甲烷、一氧化二氮和卤化碳),拓展到宽泛的臭氧等短生命期要素的不同机制中。WMO和IPCC的国际评估开启了重要的系列周期性评估,量化自然(太阳辐射变化和火山喷发带来的平流层气溶胶)和不断增加的人为机制(WMGHG、臭氧、气溶胶、陆面改变、航迹云)强迫。从1990年代到现在,对作用于气候系统的辐射机制的知识和科学信度得到大幅提升。RF的概念基础也随着对辐射强迫气候变化方式的认识和强迫机制多样性的增加而演变,形成了当前以'有效辐射强迫'(ERF)作为实际辐射强迫的优先定义的情况,目的是更好地捕捉强迫与全球平均地表温度之间的联系。然而,ERF的使用,伴随其本身存在的问题,包括用气候模式对其诊断的挑战,应用于弱强迫和快速气候调节(快响应)与气候反馈之间的模糊不清;这必须在未来应用中进一步细化。全球气候模式模拟不同机制辐射扰动已经证实了强迫如何影响温度以外气候变量,例如降水。模式模拟的强迫-反馈联系,包括不同机制强迫空间分布的多样性,提供了在扰动能量平衡和引起气候变化方面机制有效性的实际展示。过去半个世纪的重要进步,在非常高的信度上确立了自工业化前时代以来的人类活动导致的全球平均ERF为正值(2013年IPCC评估给出最佳估计为2.3 W·m^-2,变化范围从1.1~3.3 W·m^-2;90%信度区间)。更进一步,排除了气候上有重要影响的火山喷发的直接后果后,净人类活动强迫超过自然辐射强迫机制而占主导。然而,人为净ERF存在的大量不确定性使得源自观测的气候敏感性估计和预测未来气候影响存在大的不确定性。ERF的不确定性,主要是由快速气候调节的表达、给出公认的工业化前大气状态的特征所面对的困难和气溶胶与云相互作用不完整认识等共同造成的。这种不确定性不利于气候适应量化未来减缓途径的评估。地球系统科学的一个巨大挑战,隐藏在持续维持辐射强迫概念最初设计时相对简单的构成的同时,改进强迫量化的过程中。这也反过来,需要准确、不断复杂化和全面的气候系统相关过程的解释。 | V·拉马斯瓦米 W.COLLINS J.HAYWOOD J.LEAN N.MAHOWALD G.MYHRE V.NAIK K.P.SHINE B.SODEN G.STENCHIKOV T.STORELVMO 贾朋群(编译) 李婧华(编译) | 2019 | 气象科技进展2019，9，S01： | 2 |
| 3 | The Effect of SOX Internal Con-trol Deficiencies and Their Remediation on Accrual Quali-ty显示文摘 | Hollis Ashbaugh-Skaife Daniel W.Collins William R. Kinney Jr Ryan La Fond | | 0，，1： | 1 |
| 4 | The effect of SOX internal control deficiencies and their remediation on accrual quality显示文摘 | Hollis Ashbaugh-Skaife Daniel W.Collins William R.Kinney Jr Ryan Lafond | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 5 | The effect of SOX internal control deficiencies on firm risk and cost of equity显示文摘 | Hollis Ashbaugh-Skaife Daniel W.Collins William R.Kinney JR Ryan Lafond | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 6 | 健康快讯:2010年美国长途货车司机安全带使用情况研究显示文摘2012年,美国机动车交通事故死亡人数占工伤死亡总数的25%(1153/4628).所有交通事故死者中,货车司机占46%.2012年,美国共有260万名货车司机,其中170万名司机驾驶的车辆是自重超过26000镑的重型卡车和货柜车;84万名司机驾驶的车辆是自重在10001~26000镑之间的中型卡车.绝大多数重型卡车和货柜车司机都在不同城市之间甚至跨州从事长途货物运输. | Guang X.Chen James W.Collins W.Karl Sieber Stephanie G.Pratt Rosa L.Rodríguez-Acosta Jennifer E.Lincoln Jan Birdsey Edward M.Hitchcock Cynthia F.Robinson 徐海燕 周惠嘉 蔡颖 | 2017 | 上海预防医学2017，29，11： | 1 |
| 7 | Errors in Estimating Accruals: Implications for Empirical Research显示文摘 | PaulHribar Daniel W.Collins | 2002 | Journal of Accounting Research2002，，1： | 1 |
| 8 | The discovery and reporting of internal control deficiencies prior to SOX mandated audits显示文摘 | Hollis Ashbaugh-Skaife Daniel W.Collins William R.Kinney Jr | | 0，，44： | 1 |
| 9 | Comparison of long‐chain alcohols and other volatile compounds emitted from food‐borne and related Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria显示文摘 | HeshamElgaali T. R.Hamilton‐Kemp M. C.Newman R. W.Collins KeshunYu D. D.Archbold | 2002 | Basic Microbiol2002，，6： | 1 |
| 10 | The discovery and reporting of internal control deficiencies prior to SOX-mandated audits显示文摘 | Hollis Ashbangh-Skaife Danial W.Collins | | 0，，44： | 1 |
| 11 | The Efect of SOX Internal Control Deficiencies and Their Remediation on Accrual Quality显示文摘 | Hollis Ashbangh-Skaife Danial W.Collins | | 0，，83： | 1 |
| 12 | The effectiveness of the department of defense's field manual 3-11 in detecting,deterring and degrading the breach of a combat base by a human-borne with bioagent(HBBA):perceptions of security personnel显示文摘Background: The department of defense's field manual(FM) 3-11 is among the military's field manuals for preparing for, reacting to and recovering from chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear attacks. Since post 9-11, U.S. military service members have been deployed in the global war on terrorism. This study attempted to determine the effectiveness of the FM 3-11 in detecting, deterring or preventing a human-borne with bioagent(HBBA) terrorist breach at an entry control point(ECP).Methods: This time-specific, cross-sectional study disseminated a validated survey tool with Cronbach's α>0.82 to respondents who have had antiterrorism training and combat ECP experience. The return rate was greater than 75.0%; however, many of the respondents failed to meet the inclusion criteria. Consequently, only 26 questionnaires were included in the sample.Results: The results revealed that while over 60.0% of the respondents either strongly agreed or agreed that biointelligence, the deployment of biodetectors and the use of biowarning systems could be effective in preventing an ECP breach by a terrorist with a bioagent, the use of protective equipment and immunization to decontaminate service members or other tactics, techniques and procedures(TTPs) would never prevent a breach. A large percentage of respondents claimed that soldiers at the ECP lacked the devices or the knowledge to detect an HBBA at an ECP, and 72.0% suggested modifying current ECP TTPs to include education, training and equipment for security personnel at military base ECPs.Conclusion: If obtained from appropriate sources and communicated to the personnel at the ECP in an effective or timely manner, the possible effectiveness of certain TTPs in the FM 3-11, specifically FM 3-11.86(intelligence), might increase. | George Edafese Alakpa John W.Collins Jr | 2016 | Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China)2016，31，2： | 0 |
| 13 | The possibility of a human-borne with bioagent terrorist at foreign Forward Operating Bases entry control point:the perceptions of U.S. military or security personnel,a preliminary report显示文摘Background:The global war on terrorism has prompted an increase in the deployment of security personnel from multi-national forces on foreign lands,especially in places where known terrorist groups are based.The aim of this study was to obtain U.S.military and security personnel's perceptions of the possibility of encountering a humanborne with bioagent(HBBA) terrorist at an entry control point(ECP).Methods:This study was a mixed-method,cross-sectional,survey-based,time-limited study.A validated,five-option Likert scale questionnaire with Cronbach's alphas of 0.82 and 0.894 for Constructs 1 and 2 was distributed to over 113 respondents with combat experience.Results:The results indicated that 92.3% of the respondents thought it was possible for a terrorist to employ a biological agent to cause terror; 61.5% claimed it was either possible or very possible,and 26.9% claimed it was somewhat possible for a terrorist carrying a biological agent to successfully breach a combat Forward Operating Bases(FOB) ECP undetected.26.9% of the respondents agreed that 'ECP soldiers are knowledgeable about bioagents(BA)',only 15.4% responded that ECP soldiers have effective devices for detecting a BA on a terrorist at an ECP.Conclusion:Despite some limitations,this pre-study tends to indicate that while many U.S.military or security personnel acknowledge the possibility of an HBBA terrorist breach and the vulnerability of U.S.combat post ECPs to a BA breach,the soldiers at the ECPs lack adequate knowledge or devices to effectively detect a BA on a terrorist at an ECP. | George Edafese Alakpa John W.Collins Jr | 2016 | Journal of Medical Colleges of PLA(China)2016，31，1： | 0 |
| 14 | 卷云对海洋增温的热力调节——根据1987年厄尔尼诺观测的推论显示文摘1987年厄尔尼诺的观测表明,当海表温度较高时,温室效应随海表温度增加而增加,其增加率超过海表射出辐射随温度的增加率。由于这种“超温室效应”产生了高反射的卷云,其作用像个恒温器,阻挡住太阳辐射使不能达到海表。这些卷云的调节作用使海表温度只能达到305 K 以下。 | V.Ramanathan W.Collins 诚意 | 1992 | 气象科技1992，20，2： | 0 |
| 15 | Optical simulation of external quantum efficiency spectra of CuIn_(1-x)Ga_xSe_2 solar cells from spectroscopic ellipsometry inputs显示文摘Applications of in-situ and ex-situ spectroscopic ellipsometry(SE) are presented for the development of parametric expressions that define the real and imaginary parts(ε_1, ε_2) of the complex dielectric function spectra of thin film solar cell components. These spectra can then be utilized to analyze the structure of complete thin film solar cells. Optical and structural/compositional models of complete solar cells developed through least squares regression analysis of the SE data acquired for the complete cells enable simulations of external quantum efficiency(EQE) without the need for variable parameters. Such simulations can be compared directly with EQE measurements. From these comparisons, it becomes possible to understand in detail the origins of optical and electronic gains and losses in thin film photovoltaics(PV)technologies and, as a result, the underlying performance limitations. In fact, optical losses that occur when above-bandgap photons are not absorbed in the active layers can be distinguished from electronic losses when electron-hole pairs generated in the active layers are not collected. This overall methodology has been applied to copper indium-gallium diselenide(CuIn_(1-x)Ga_xSe_2; CIGS) solar cells, a key commercialized thin film PV technology. CIGS solar cells with both standard thickness(>2 μm) and thin(<1 μm)absorber layers are studied by applying SE to obtain inputs for EQE simulations and enabling comparisons of simulated and measured EQE spectra. SE data analysis is challenging for CIGS material components and solar cells because of the need to develop an appropriate(ε_1, ε_2) database for the CIGS alloys and to extract absorber layer Ga profiles for accurate structural/compositional models. For cells with standard thickness absorbers, excellent agreement is found between the simulated and measured EQE, the latter under the assumption of 100% collection from the active layers, which include the CIGS bulk and CIGS/Cd S heterojunction interface layers. For cells with thin absorbers, however, an observed difference between the simulated and measured EQE can be attributed to losses via carrier recombination within a~0.15 μm thickness of CIGS adjacent to the Mo back contact. By introducing a carrier collection probability profile into the simulation, much closer agreement is obtained between the simulated and measured EQE. In addition to the single spot capability demonstrated in this study, ex-situ SE can be applied as well to generate high resolution maps of thin film multilayer structure, component layer properties and their profiles, as well as short-circuit current density predictions. Such mapping is possible due to the high measurement speed of <1 s per(ψ,) spectra achievable by the multichannel ellipsometer. | Abdel-Rahman A.Ibdah Prakash Koirala Puruswottam Aryal Puja Pradhan Michael J.Heben Nikolas J.Podraza Sylvain Marsillac Robert W.Collins | 2018 | Journal of Energy Chemistry2018，27，4： | 0 |
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