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| 1 | Mass-balance ecosystem model of the East China Sea显示文摘Using the Ecopath mass-balance trophodynamic model,this paper analyzed the trophic levels,flows,food web structure and ecosystem maturity of the East China Sea,and identified ecologically important functional groups in the ecosystem.The model is based on fishery resource surveys of the East China Sea in 2000,studies on diet composition and global databases such as FishBase and the Sea Around Us Project Database.The results showed that trophic levels of the functional groups are between 2.86 and 4.37,with an average of 3.32.Anchocy(Engraulis japonicus),small fishes and benthic crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs are important groups in terms of the trophic structure and flow dynamics in the East China Sea.Energy flows of most groups are between specific trophic levels,except file fish(Thamnaconus spp.),pomfret(Pampus spp.) and cephalopods.Trophic transfer efficiency of levels Ⅱ,Ⅲ,IV and more than V are 11.8%,21.1%,17.4% and 22.1-22.5%,respectively.Effects of fishery-the largest ‘consumer’ of the ecosystemare much stronger than those exerted by biological groups in the system.The model suggests that the current fishery can further reduce the complexity of the ecosystem.Evaluations of the system indices suggest that maturity of the ecosystem is low.The conclusion of this model indicates that it was the overfishing that caused the ecosystem of the East China Sea declined,which should be taken into account as a critical reference for fisheries management in the future. | Jiahua Cheng William W.L. Cheung Tony J. Pitcher | 2009 | Progress in Natural Science:Materials International2009，19，10： | 9 |
| 2 | Reduced striatal volumes in Parkinson’s disease:a magnetic resonance imaging study显示文摘Background:The presence and extent of structural changes in the brain as a consequence of Parkinson’s disease(PD)is still poorly understood.Methods:High-resolution 3-tesla T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance images in sixty-five PD and 27 age-matched healthy control participants were examined.Putamen,caudate,and intracranial volumes were manually traced in the axial plane of 3D reconstructed images.Striatal nuclei volumes were normalized to intracranial volume for statistical comparison.Disease status was assessed using the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale and Hoehn and Yahr scale.Cognitive status was assessed using global status tests and detailed neuropsychological testing.Results:Both caudate and putamen volumes were smaller in PD brains compared to controls after adjusting for age and gender.Caudate volumes were reduced by 11%(p=0.001)and putamen volumes by 8.1%(p=0.025).PD striatal volumes were not found to be significantly correlated with cognitive or motor decline.Conclusion:Small,but significant reductions in the volume of both the caudate and putamen occur in PD brains.These reductions are independent of the effects of age and gender,however the relation of these reductions to the functional loss of dopamine,which is characteristic of PD,remains unclear. | Toni L Pitcher Tracy R Melzer Michael R MacAskill Charlotte F Graham Leslie Livingston Ross J Keenan Richard Watts John C Dalrymple-Alford Tim J Anderson | 2012 | Translational Neurodegeneration2012，1，1： | 2 |
| 3 | Caregiver burden is increased in Parkinson’s disease with mild cognitive impairment (PD-MCI)显示文摘Background:There is limited evidence on caregiver outcomes associated with mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson’s disease(PD-MCI)and the coping strategies used by these caregivers.Methods:To investigate this relationship,we examined levels of burden,depression,anxiety,coping strategies and positive aspects of caregiving in the informal caregivers of 96 PD patients.The PD patients were classified using MDS-Task Force Level II criteria as showing either normal cognition(PD-N;n=51),PD-MCI(n=30)or with dementia(PDD;n=15).Results:Mean Zarit Burden Interview(ZBI)score increased significantly between carers of PD-N(M=13.39,SD=12.22)compared to those of PD-MCI patients(M=22.00,SD=10.8),and between carers of PD-MCI and PDD patients(M=29.33,SD=9.59).Moreover,the proportion of carers showing clinically significant levels of burden(ZBI score≥21)also increased as the patients’cognitive status declined(18% for PD-N;60% for PD-MCI;and 80%for PDD)and was mirrored by an increasing amount of time spent providing care by the caregivers.Caregiver ZBI score was independent of patient neuropsychiatric symptoms,motor function,disease duration and time that caregivers spent caregiving.Caregiver use of different coping strategies increased with worsening cognition.However,we found only equivocal evidence that the use of problem-focused,emotion-focused and dysfunctional coping mediated the association between patient cognitive status and caregiver burden,because the inverse models that used caregiver burden as the mediator were also significant.Conclusions:The study highlights the impact of Parkinson’s disease on those providing care when the patient’s cognition is poor,including those with MCI.Caregiver well-being has important implications for caregiver support,nursing home placement and disease course. | Ann J.Jones Roeline G.Kuijer Leslie Livingston Daniel Myall Kyla Horne Michael MacAskill Toni Pitcher Paul T.Barrett Tim J.Anderson John C.Dalrymple-Alford | 2017 | Translational Neurodegeneration2017，6，1： | 2 |
| 4 | The sensory basis of fish schools: Relative roles of lateral line and vision显示文摘 | Brian L. Partridge Tony J. Pitcher | 1980 | Journal of Comparative Physiology □ A1980，，4： | 1 |
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