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| 1 | Techniques and accuracy of thoracolumbar pedicle screw placement显示文摘Pedicle screw instrumentation has been used to stabilize the thoracolumbar spine for several decades. Although pedicle screws were originally placed via a freehand technique, there has been a movement in favor of pedicle screw placement with the aid of imaging. Such assistive techniques include fluoroscopy guidance and stereotactic navigation. Imaging has the benefit of increased visualization of a pedicle's trajectory, but can result in increased morbidity associated with radiation exposure, increased time expenditure, and possible workflow interruption. Many institutions have reported high accuracies with each of these three core techniques. However, due to differing definitions of accuracy and varying radiographic analyses, it is extremely difficult to compare studies side-by-side to determine which techniques are superior. From the literature, it can be concluded that pedicles of vertebrae within the mid-thoracic spine and vertebrae that have altered morphology due to scoliosis or other deformities are the most difficult to cannulate. Thus, spine surgeons would benefit the most from using assistive technologies in these circumstances. All other pedicles in thethoracolumbar spine should theoretically be cannulated with ease via a free-hand technique, given appropriate training and experience. Despite these global recommendations, appropriate techniques must be chosen at the surgeon's discretion. Such determinations should be based on the surgeon's experience and the specific pathology that will be treated. | Varun Puvanesarajah Jason A Liauw Sheng-fu Lo Ioan A Lina Timothy F Witham | 2014 | World Journal of Orthopedics2014，5，2： | 7 |
| 2 | Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty for the treatment of vertebral compression fractures: an evidenced-based review of the literature显示文摘 | Matthew J. McGirt Scott L. Parker Jean-Paul Wolinsky Timothy F. Witham Ali Bydon Ziya L. Gokaslan | 2009 | The Spine Journal2009，，： | 1 |
| 3 | 35. Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty for the Treatment of Vertebral Compression Fractures: An Evidenced Based Review of the Literature显示文摘 | Matthew McGirt Scott Parker Jean-Paul Wolinsky Timothy Witham Ali Bydon Ziya Gokaslan | 2009 | The Spine Journal2009，，10： | 1 |
| 4 | Oxysterols as promising small molecules for bone tissue engineering: Systematic review显示文摘BACKGROUND Bone tissue engineering is an area of continued interest within orthopaedic surgery,as it promises to create implantable bone substitute materials that obviate the need for autologous bone graft.Recently,oxysterols–oxygenated derivatives of cholesterol-have been proposed as a novel class of osteoinductive small molecules for bone tissue engineering.Here,we present the first systematic review of the in vivo evidence describing the potential therapeutic utility of oxysterols for bone tissue engineering.AIM To systematically review the available literature examining the effect of oxysterols on in vivo bone formation.METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature following PRISMA guidelines.Using the PubMed/MEDLINE,Embase,and Web of Science databases,we queried all publications in the English-language literature investigating the effect of oxysterols on in vivo bone formation.Articles were screened for eligibility using PICOS criteria and assessed for potential bias using an expanded version of the SYRCLE Risk of Bias assessment tool.All full-text articles examining the effect of oxysterols on in vivo bone formation were included.Extracted data included:Animal species,surgical/defect model,description of therapeutic and control treatments,and method for assessing bone growth.Primary outcome was fusion rate for spinal fusion models and percent bone regeneration for critical-sized defect models.Data were tabulated and described by both surgical/defect model and oxysterol employed.Additionally,data from all included studies were aggregated to posit the mechanism by which oxysterols may mediate in vivo bone formation.RESULTS Our search identified 267 unique articles,of which 27 underwent full-text review.Thirteen studies(all preclinical)met our inclusion/exclusion criteria.Of the 13 included studies,5 employed spinal fusion models,2 employed critical-sized alveolar defect models,and 6 employed critical-sized calvarial defect models.Based upon SYRCLE criteria,the included studies were found to possess an overall“unclear risk of bias”;54%of studies reported treatment randomization and 38%reported blinding at any level.Overall,seven unique oxysterols were evaluated:20(S)-hydroxycholesterol,22(R)-hydroxycholesterol,22(S)-hydroxycholesterol,Oxy4/Oxy34,Oxy18,Oxy21/Oxy133,and Oxy49.All had statistically significant in vivo osteoinductive properties,with Oxy4/Oxy34,Oxy21/Oxy133,and Oxy49 showing a dose-dependent effect in some cases.In the eight studies that directly compared oxysterols to rhBMP-2-treated animals,similar rates of bone growth occurred in the two groups.Biochemical investigation of these effects suggests that they may be primarily mediated by direct activation of Smoothened in the Hedgehog signaling pathway.CONCLUSION Present preclinical evidence suggests oxysterols significantly augment in vivo bone formation.However,clinical trials are necessary to determine which have the greatest therapeutic potential for orthopaedic surgery patients. | Ethan Cottrill Julianna Lazzari Zach Pennington Jeff Ehresman Andrew Schilling Naomi Dirckx Nicholas Theodore Daniel Sciubba Timothy Witham | 2020 | World Journal of Orthopedics2020，11，7： | 1 |
| 5 | Laminoplasty versus laminectomy is associated with a de- creased incidence of spinal deformity after resection of intr- amedullary spinal cord tumors in children: 851 显示文摘 | McGirt Matthew J Yao Kevin C Witham Timothy F | | Neurosurgery0，61，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Short-term Progressive Spinal Deformity Following Laminoplasty Versus Laminectomy for Resection of Intradural Spinal Tumors: Analysis of 238 Patients显示文摘 | Matthew J. McGirt Giannina L. Garcés-Ambrossi Scott L. Parker Daniel M. Sciubba Ali Bydon Jean-Paul Wolinksy Ziya L. Gokaslan George Jallo Timothy F. Witham | 2010 | Neurosurgery2010，，5： | 1 |
| 7 | Investigational growth factors utilized in animal models of spinal fusion: Systematic review显示文摘BACKGROUND Over 400000 Americans annually undergo spinal fusion surgeries, yet up to 40%of these procedures result in pseudoarthrosis even with iliac crest autograft, the current 'gold standard' treatment. Tissue engineering has the potential to solve this problem via the creation of bone grafts involving bone-promoting growth factors(e.g., bone morphogenetic protein 2). A broad assessment of experimental growth factors is important to inform future work and clinical potential in this area. To date, however, no study has systematically reviewed the investigational growth factors utilized in preclinical animal models of spinal fusion.AIM To review all published studies assessing investigational growth factors for spinal fusion in animal models and identify promising agents for translation.METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the literature using PubMed, Embase,Cochrane Library, and Web of Science databases with searches run on May 29 th,2018. The search query was designed to include all non-human, preclinical animal models of spinal fusion reported in the literature without a timespan limit. Extracted data for each model included surgical approach, level of fusion,animal species and breed, animal age and sex, and any other relevant characteristics. The dosages/sizes of all implant materials, spinal fusion rates,and follow-up time points were recorded. The data were analyzed and the results reported in tables and text. PRISMA guidelines were followed for this systematic review.RESULTS Twenty-six articles were included in this study, comprising 14 experimental growth factors: AB204(n = 1); angiopoietin 1(n = 1); calcitonin(n = 3);erythropoietin(n = 1); basic fibroblast growth factor(n = 1); growth differentiation factor 5(n = 4), combined insulin-like growth factor 1 +transforming growth factor beta(n = 4); insulin(n = 1); NELL-1(n = 5); noggin(n= 1); P-15(n = 1); peptide B2 A(n = 2); and secreted phosphoprotein 24(n = 1).The fusion rates of the current gold standard treatment(autologous iliac crest bone graft, ICBG) and the leading clinically used growth factor(BMP-2) ranged widely in the included studies, from 0-100% for ICBG and from 13%-100% for BMP-2. Among the identified growth factors, calcitonin, GDF-5, NELL-1, and P-15 resulted in fusion rates of 100% in some cases. In addition, six growth factors-AB204, angiopoietin 1, GDF-5, insulin, NELL-1, and peptide B2 A-resulted in significantly enhanced fusion rates compared to ICBG, BMP-2, or other internal control in some studies. Large heterogeneity in animal species, fusion method,and experimental groups and time points was observed across the included studies, limiting the direct comparison of the growth factors identified herein.CONCLUSION Several promising investigational growth factors for spinal fusion have been identified herein; directly comparing the fusion efficacy and safety of these agents may inform clinical translation. | Ethan Cottrill A Karim Ahmed Noah Lessing Zachary Pennington Wataru Ishida Alexander Perdomo-Pantoja Sheng-fu Lo Elizabeth Howell Christina Holmes C Rory Goodwin Nicholas Theodore Daniel M Sciubba Timothy F Witham | 2019 | World Journal of Orthopedics2019，10，4： | 0 |
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