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| 1 | Osteoporosis in primary biliary cholangitis显示文摘Primary biliary cholangitis(PBC) is an autoimmune cholestatic liver disease with multiple debilitating complications. Osteoporosis is a common complication of PBC resulting in frequent fractures and leading to significant morbidity in this population, yet evidence for effective therapy is lacking. We sought to summarize our current understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis in PBC, as well as current and emerging therapies in order to guide future research directions. A complete search with a comprehensive literature review was performed with studies from Pub Med, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane database, and the Countway Library. Osteoporosis in PBC is driven primarily by decreased bone formation, which differs from the increased bone resorption seen in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Despite this fundamental difference, current treatment recommendations are based primarily on experience with postmenopausal osteoporosis. Trials specific to PBC-related osteoporosis are small and have not consistently demonstrated a benefit in this population. As it stands, prevention of osteoporosis in PBC relies on the mitigation of risk factors such as smoking and alcohol use, as well as encouraging a healthy diet and weight-bearing exercise. The primary medical intervention for the treatment of osteoporosis in PBC remains bisphosphonates though a benefit in terms of fracture reduction has never been shown. This review outlines what is known regarding the pathogenesis of bone disease in PBC and summarizes current and emerging therapies. | Christopher J Danford Hirsh D Trivedi Konstantinos Papamichael Elliot B Tapper Alan Bonder | 2018 | World Journal of Gastroenterology2018，24，31： | 13 |
| 2 | Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated mechanisms in lung cancer显示文摘 | Improgo M R Tapper A R Gardner P D | | 0，，8： | 1 |
| 3 | Nicotinic ace- tylcholine receptor-mediated mechanisms in lung cancer 显示文摘 | Improgo M R Tapper A R Gardner P D | 2011 | Biochem Pharmacol2011，82，8： | 1 |
| 4 | The sensitivity of Australian fire danger to climate change显示文摘 | Williams A A Karoly D J Tapper N | 2001 | Cli- matic Change2001，49，： | 1 |
| 5 | Minimally invasive surgery and clinical decision-making for pediatric malignancy显示文摘 | Waldhausen JHT Tapper D Sawin RS | 2000 | Surgical Endoscopy2000，14，3： | 1 |
| 6 | Guidance and relative navigation for autonomous rendezvous in a circular orbit journal of guidance显示文摘 | Hari B Hablani M L Tapper and David J D | 2002 | Control and Dynamics2002，25，3： | 1 |
| 7 | Teratomas in infancy and childhood, a 54 year experience at the children' s hospital medical center显示文摘 | Tapper D Lack EE | 1983 | Ann Surg1983，198，3： | 1 |
| 8 | Allelopathic effects of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass extracts on white clover seedlings显示文摘 | Sutherland B L Hume D E Tapper B A | 1999 | New ZealJ Agr Res1999，42，1： | 1 |
| 9 | The sensitivity of Australian fire danger to climate change显示文摘 | Williams A J Karoly D J Tapper N | 2001 | Climate Change2001，49，： | 1 |
| 10 | The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor CHRNA5/A3/B4 gene cluster: dual role in nicotne addiction and lung cancer 显示文摘 | Improgo M R Scofield M D Tapper A R | 2010 | Prog in Neurobilo2010，92，2： | 1 |
| 11 | Modeling the winter urban heat island over Christchurch, New Zealand显示文摘 | Tapper N J Tyson P D Owens I F | 1981 | Journal of Applied Meteorology1981，20，365： | 1 |
| 12 | Allelopathic effects of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass extracts on white clover seedlings显示文摘 | Sutherland B L Hume D E Tapper B A | 1999 | New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research1999，42，1： | 1 |
| 13 | Guidance and relative navigation for autonomous rendezvous in a circular orbit显示文摘 | Hablani H B Tapper M L Dana-Bashian D J | 2002 | Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics2002，25，3： | 1 |
| 14 | Guidance Algorithms for Autonomous Rendezvous in a Circular Orbit 显示文摘 | H B Hablani M Tapper D Dana - Bashian | 2002 | Journal of Guidance Control and Dynamics2002，25，3： | 1 |
| 15 | The sensitivity of Australian fire danger to climate change显示文摘 | Williams A J Karoly D J Tapper N | 2001 | Climate Change2001，49，： | 1 |
| 16 | Stochastic wave-kinetic theory in the Liouville approximation显示文摘 | Besieris I M Tapper F D | 1976 | Journal of Mathematical Physics1976，17，： | 1 |
| 17 | Guidance and relative navigation for autonomous rendezvous in a circular orbit 显示文摘 | Hablani H B Tapper M L Dana - Bashian D J | 2002 | Journal of guidance control and dynamics2002，25，3： | 1 |
| 18 | Allelopathie effects of endophyte-infected perennial ryegrass extracts on white clover seedlings显示文摘 | Sutherland B L Hume D E Tapper B A | 1999 | New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research1999，42，： | 1 |
| 19 | Guidance algorithms for autonomous rendezvous of spacecraft with a taget vehicle in circular orbit 显示文摘 | HABLANI H B TAPPER M L DANA-BASHIAN D J | 2002 | Journal of Guidance Control and Dynanfics2002，25，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Is pediatric laparoscopic splenectomy safe and cost-effective?显示文摘 | Tapper D | 1997 | Aroh Surg1997，132，： | 1 |
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