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| 1 | Comparison of novel and standard diagnostic tools for the detection of Schistosoma mekongi infection in Lao People’s Democratic Republic and Cambodia显示文摘Background:Given the restricted distribution of Schistosoma mekongi in one province in Lao People’s Democratic Republic(Lao PDR)and two provinces in Cambodia,together with progress of the national control programmes aimed at reducing morbidity and infection prevalence,the elimination of schistosomiasis mekongi seems feasible.However,sensitive diagnostic tools will be required to determine whether elimination has been achieved.We compared several standard and novel diagnostic tools in S.mekongi-endemic areas.Methods:The prevalence and infection intensity of S.mekongi were evaluated in 377 study participants from four villages in the endemic areas in Lao PDR and Cambodia using Kato-Katz stool examination,antibody detection based on an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and schistosome circulating antigen detection by lateral-flow tests.Two highly sensitive test systems for the detection of cathodic and anodic circulating antigens(CCA,CAA)in urine and serum were utilized.Results:Stool microscopy revealed an overall prevalence of S.mekongi of 6.4%(one case in Cambodia and 23 cases in Lao PDR),while that of Opisthorchis viverrini,hookworm,Trichuris trichiura,Ascaris lumbricoides and Taenia spp.were 50.4%,28.1%,3.5%,0.3%and 1.9%,respectively.In the urine samples,the tests for CCA and CAA detected S.mekongi infections in 21.0%and 38.7%of the study participants,respectively.In the serum samples,the CAA assay revealed a prevalence of 32.4%,while a combination of the CAA assay in serum and in urine revealed a prevalence of 43.2%.There was a difference between the two study locations with a higher prevalence reached in the samples from Lao PDR.Conclusions:The CCA,CAA and ELISA results showed substantially higher prevalence estimates for S.mekongi compared to Kato-Katz thick smears.Active schistosomiasis mekongi in Lao PDR and Cambodia might thus have been considerably underestimated previously.Hence,sustained control efforts are still needed to break transmission of S.mekongi.The pivotal role of highly sensitive diagnostic assays in areas targeting elimination cannot be overemphasised. | Youthanavanh Vonghachack Somphou Sayasone Virak Khieu Robert Bergquist Govert Jvan Dam Pytsje THoekstra Paul L.A.M.Corstjens Beatrice Nickel Hanspeter Marti Jürg Utzinger Sinuon Muth Peter Odermatt | 2017 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2017，6，1： | 4 |
| 2 | Transmission of Opisthorchis viverrini,Schistosoma mekongi and soil-transmitted helminthes on the Mekong Islands,Southern Lao PDR显示文摘Background:Prevalence of Opisthorchis viverrini,Schistosoma mekongi and soil-transmitted helminths(STH)remains high in Lao People’s Democratic Republic(Lao PDR),despite control efforts including mass-drug administration,education and communication campaigns.New approaches are required to advance helminth control.Methods:An ecohealth study was conducted on two Mekong islands in Southern Laos.Demographic and behavioural data were collected by questionnaire.Human and animal reservoir stools were examined.Bithynia spp.and Neotricula aperta snails were examined using shedding.Fresh water fish were examined using digestion technique.Multivariate random-effects analysis was used to find risk factors associated with helminth infections.Results:Human infection rates with O.viverrini,hookworm,S.mekongi,Trichuris trichiura,Ascaris lumbricoides and Taenia spp.were 60.7%,44.1%,22.2%,4.1%,0.6%and 0.1%,respectively.Heavy intensity infections were 4.2%,3.6%and 1.8%for O.viverrini,S.mekongi and hookworm,respectively.O.viverrini and S.mekongi infection rates among dogs and cats were 25.0%and 14.7%,respectively.Of the cats tested,53.1%were infected with O.viverrini.Prevalence of O.viverrini and S.mekongi in snails was 0.3%and 0.01%,respectively.Overall prevalence of O.viverrini infection in fresh water fish was 26.9%,with the highest infection rates occurring in Hampala dispa(87.1%),Cyclocheilichthys apogon(85.7%)and Puntius brevis(40.0%).Illiteracy and lower socioeconomic status increased the risk of O.viverrini infection,while those aged 10-16 years and possessing latrines at home were less likely to be infected.Household dogs and cats that consumed raw fish were significantly and positively associated with O.viverrini infection of the household members.For S.mekongi,children under 9 years old were exposed significantly to this infection,compared to older age groups.Conclusions:There is a pressing need to design and implement an integrated helminth control intervention on the Mekong Islands in southern Lao PDR.Given the highly dynamic transmission of O.viverrini,S.mekongi,STH and extended multiparasitism,annual mass-drug administration is warranted along with environmental modifications,health education and improved access to clean water and adequate sanitation to consolidate morbidity control and move towards elimination.Trail registration number:Our findings presented here are from a cross-sectional study,therefore,it has not been registered. | Youthanavanh Vonghachack Peter Odermatt Keoka Taisayyavong Souphanh Phounsavath Kongsap Akkhavong Somphou Sayasone | 2017 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2017，6，1： | 2 |
| 3 | Diversity of human intestinal helminthiasis in Lao PDR显示文摘 | Somphou Sayasone Youthanavane Vonghajack Monely Vanmany Oroth Rasphone Smarn Tesana Jürg Utzinger Kongsap Akkhavong Peter Odermatt | 2008 | Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene2008，，3： | 1 |
| 4 | Association between helminth infections and diabetes mellitus in adults from the Lao People’s Democratic Republic:a crosssectional study显示文摘Background:As a result of epidemiological transition,the health systems of low-and middle-income countries are increasingly faced with a dual disease burden of infectious diseases and emerging non-communicable diseases.Little is known about the mutual influence of these two disease groups.The aim of this study was to investigate the cooccurrence of helminth infections and diabetes mellitus in adults in Lao People’s Democratic Republic(Lao PDR).Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study among 1600 randomly selected adults aged 35 and older from four different socio-economical and ecological provinces.Information on socio-demographics,risk factors and health conditions was obtained from personal interviews.Clinical assessments including anthropometry(height,weight,waist and hip circumference)and blood pressure measurements were also conducted.Diabetes was classified based on selfreported diagnoses and a point-of-care glycated haemoglobin(HbA1c)test from finger prick blood samples.Stool samples for helminth diagnosis were examined with formalin-ether concentration technique for intestinal parasitic infections.The independent associations of helminth infections with diabetic status and HbA1c were assessed using multiple regression analyses.Results:The prevalence of pre-diabetes and diabetes was 37.3%and 22.8%,respectively.Fifty-six percent of diabetic cases were undiagnosed and 85%of diagnosed diabetic cases had poor glycemic control.Participants from rural areas and from southern parts of the country had higher infection rates,with Opisthorchis viverrini,being the most common helminth infection(30.5%).We found a positive association between Taenia spp.infections and HbA1c(β=0.117;95%CI:0.042-0.200)and diabetes mellitus risk(OR=2.98;95%CI:1.10-8.05).No other helminth species was associated with glycated hemoglobin.Conclusions:Hyperglycaemia and diabetic rates in Lao PDR are alarmingly high,but consistent with other high rates in the region.Given the high rates of under-diagnosis and poorly-controlled glycaemia in diabetes mellitus patients,routine diabetes screening and treatment is essential for the local healthcare system.Large longitudinal cohorts integrating biomarkers are warranted in the search of causal diabetes mellitus risk factors in the region.Common intestinal helminth infections,including O.viverrini,are unlikely to explain the high diabetes mellitus rates observed. | Nan Shwe Nwe Htun Peter Odermatt Phimpha Paboriboune Somphou Sayasone Malisa Vongsakid Vilayouth Phimolsarn-Nusith Xuan Duong Tran Phoum-Savath Ounnavong Navalone Andriama-Hefasoa Nilun-Done Senvanpan Anousine Homsana Baocher Lianosay Dalouny Xayavong Dimbitsoa Rakotomalala Robinson Phaivanh Bounsavath Phoy-Phaylinh Prasayasith Seng-Davanh Syphan Yi-Xiao Lu Kanchana Thilakoun Xaipa-Song Xaiyaphet Phout-Tasin Vongngakesone Ikenna C Eze Medea Imboden Banchob Sripa Daniel Reinharz Nicole Probst-Hensch | 2018 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2018，7，1： | 1 |
| 5 | Cross-reaction of POC-CCA urine test for detection of Schistosoma mekongi in Lao PDR: a cross-sectional study显示文摘Background:The point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen(POC-CCA)test is increasingly used as a rapid diagnostic method for Schistosoma mansoni infection.The test has good sensitivity,although false positive results have been reported among pregnant women and patients with urine infections and hematuria.We validated the POC-CCA test's ability to diagnose Schistosoma mekongi infection in Lao People's Democratic Republic(Lao PDR),where S.mekongi is endemic.Of particular interest was the test's specificity and possible cross-reactivity with other helminth infections.Methods:We conducted a cross-sectional study of children and adults in the provinces of Champasack(Schistosoma mekongi and Opisthorchis viverrini endemic),Savannakhet(O.viverrini endemic)and Luang Prabang(soil-transmitted helminths endemic)between October 2018 and April 2019.POC-CCA and urine dipstick tests were administered to all study participants,while an additional pregnancy test was offered to women.Two stool samples were collected from participants and examined with a Kato-Katz test(two smears per stool).Logistic regression was used to associate potential confounding factors(predictors)with POC-CCA test results(outcome).Results:In S.mekongi-endemic Champasack,11.5%(n=366)and 0.5%(n=2)of study participants had positive POC-CCA and Kato-Katz test results,respectively.Only one of the two Kato-Katz positive patients was also POC-CCA positive.In Champasack and Luang Prabang,where S.rnekongi is not endemic,the POC-CCA test yielded(presumably)false positive results for 6.0%(n=22)and 2.5%(n=9)of study participants,respectively,while all of the Kato-Katz tests were negative.POC-CCA positive test results were significantly associated with O.viverrini infection(1.69,95%confidence interval(CI):1.02-2.77,P=0.042),increased leukocytes(adjusted Odds Ratio(aOR)=1.58,95%CI:1.15-2.17,P=0.005)and hematuria(aOR=1.50,95%CI:1.07-2.10,P=0.019)if the observed trace was counted as a positive test result.Two pregnant women from Champasack province had POC-CCA positive tests.Conclusions:We observed a cross-reaction between the POC-CCA test and O.viverrini infection.To some extent,we can confirm previous observations asserting that POC-CCA provides false positive results among patients with urinary tract infections and hematuria.In S.mekongi-endemic areas,POC-CCA can be applied cautiously for surveillance purposes,keeping in mind the considerable risk of false positive results and its unknown sensitivity. | Anousin Homsana Peter Odermatt Phonesavanh Southisavath Aya Yajima Somphou Sayasone | 2020 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2020，9，4： | 0 |
| 6 | Intestinal helminth infections and associated risk factors among adults in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic显示文摘Background Helminthiases are highly endemic in Southeast Asia,including the Lao People’s Democratic Republic(Lao PDR).This study aimed to assess the current intestinal helminth infections and the associated risk factors among adults across the Lao PDR.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 165 villages across 17 provinces and the Vientiane Capital,Lao PDR.A multi-stage sampling method was employed to select the adult study participants(≥18 years).Data collection included(1)interview of the study participants,(2)physical measurements,and(3)a fve gram of stool sample from each study participant was collected and preserved in 10%formalin solution for intestinal helminth detection using formalin-ether concentration technique(FECT).Descriptive analysis was used to describe the socio-demographic characteristics of study participants and the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections.Logistic regressions were applied to test the association between intestinal helminth infection and individual risk factors.A P-value below 0.05 was considered statistically signifcant.Results A total of 2800 study participants were enrolled.Their average age was 46.0 years;57.8%were female.Overall,30.9%,8.6%and 1.5%of study participants were infected with one,two,or three diferent intestinal helminth species,respectively.Among the study participants 21.6%were infected with hookworm,18.8%with Opisthorchis viverrini-like(Ov-like)infection,4.8%with Strongyloides stercoralis,2.3%with Ascaris lumbricoides,1.5%with Trichuris trichiura,and 3.3%with Taenia spp.Ov-like infection was of high prevalence in the southern(28.8%)and central(21.3%)provinces,while hookworm(26.3%),A.lumbricoides(7.3%),T.trichiura(3.1%),and Taenia spp.(4.2%)were prevalent in the northern provinces.Risk analysis showed that men were more likely to be infected with hookworm[adjusted odds ratio(aOR)=1.2,P=0.019].The Lao-Tai ethnic group had a 5.2-times(P<0.001)higher chance of having Ov-like infection than the minorities.Possession of toilet facility at home was associated with reduced odds for Ov-like(aOR=0.4,P<0.001)and hookworm(aOR=0.6,P<0.001)infections.Conclusions Our study provides a nationwide update of the intestinal helminth prevalence among adults in Lao PDR.To the best of our knowledge,this is the frst Lao nationwide survey on intestinal helminth infections and risk factors in adults.It provides crucial information for national control programs for intestinal helminth infections in Lao PDR. | Sengaloun Phonekeo Sengchanh Kounnavong Manithong Vonglokham Latsamy Siengsounthone Anousin Homsana Sascha Gummin Penelope Vounatsu Prawat Nittiyanant Suchin Worawichawong Wichai Aekplakorn Peter Odermatt Somphou Sayasone | 2023 | Infectious Diseases of Poverty2023，12，3： | 0 |
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