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| 1 | 铂合金氧还原催化剂:合成、结构和性能显示文摘质子交换膜燃料电池是一种将燃料中的化学能直接转化为电能的装置,它具有转化效率高、能量密度高、低温启动、易于操作等优点,因而被认为是最具发展前景的新能源利用方式,在电动汽车、便携电源及分散式电站有着广泛应用.但是,目前质子交换膜燃料电池技术的发展面临着巨大挑战,主要问题包括高成本、低功率密度和低寿命.众所周知,质子交换膜燃料电池中的阴极氧还原反应在酸性条件下是一个复杂的四电子过程,动力学速度缓慢,限制了电池的最终性能.目前大量使用的阴极氧还原催化剂是细小的铂或铂合金纳米颗粒负载在碳载体上,其成本占燃料电池总成本的比例最大.制约燃料电池商业化发展的另一个重要问题是电池寿命低,其中氧还原催化剂的稳定性是决定电池寿命的主要因素.在这样的研究背景下,如何降低催化剂中铂的用量、提高催化剂活性和稳定性显得尤为重要,这也是近年来国内外学者研究的热点.在铂基合金催化剂中,通常采用过渡金属元素作为掺杂元素,由于原子半径不匹配(几何效应)以及电子结构不同(电子效应),合金催化剂表现出优于纯铂催化剂的催化性能.近几年,对于铂基合金催化剂的研究已取得重大进展,以合金组成和结构研究为基础,通过精确控制原子结构、调控表面电子状态以及制备工艺,获得了各种特殊形貌的催化剂,大大提高了催化活性.本文深入综述了近年来铂基合金氧还原催化剂制备、形貌和性能,特别关注了催化剂形貌和催化活性之间的关系.值得注意的是,具有有序原子排列的铂合金催化剂不仅在半电池中表现出优异活性,在实际质子交换膜燃料电池中也显示了很好的活性和稳定性.另一方面,碳载体的形貌及微观结构也对提高催化活性和稳定性起到决定性作用,通过化学手段加强金属纳米颗粒与碳载体之间的相互作用也是提高催化剂稳定性的重要途径.尽管铂基氧还原催化剂在近几年取得了重要进展,但在实际商业化过程中还存在诸多挑战,本文在综述进展的基础上,对铂基催化剂的发展提出了展望.首先,对于氧还原反应机理仍需要深入研究,采用更加精确的理论模型模拟氧还原动力学过程,以获得影响催化活性的关键因素.其次,提高催化剂在膜电极中的催化活性和利用率.目前,氧还原催化剂在半电池测试中性能优异,但是实际燃料电池操作条件下其性能远不能达到要求,这与膜电极、催化剂层及扩散层结构相关.因此,基于不同铂基催化剂的特性,合理设计膜电极组件的结构是将催化剂进行实际应用的基础.最后,催化剂的稳定性仍需进一步提高,尽管目前大部分催化剂在实验室半电池研究中表现了很好的稳定性,但在实际燃料电池中的稳定性研究还不足,而且对催化剂在膜电极中性能衰退机理的研究也非常有限.因此,对于铂基氧还原催化剂的研发仍需要国内外科研工作者不懈的努力. | 王晓霞 Joshua Sokolowski 刘辉 武刚 | 2020 | Chinese Journal of Catalysis2020,41,5: | 15 |
| 2 | Mechanistic understanding of the role separators playing in advanced lithium-sulfur batteries显示文摘The lithium-sulfur battery is considered one of the most promising candidates for portable energy storage devices due to its low cost and high energy density.However,many critical issues,including polysulfide shuttling,self-discharge,lithium dendritic growth,and thermal hazards need to be addressed before the commercialization of lithium-sulfur batteries.To this end,tremendous efforts have been made to explore battery configurations and components,such as electrodes,electrolytes,and separators,among which the separator plays an especially critical role in addressing aforementioned issues.Thus,this review analyzes the mechanisms and interactions of these critical issues and summarizes both the function of separators and recent progress made towards remedying such issues.Additionally,promising directions for the development of separators in lithium-sulfur batteries are proposed. | Zhaohuan Wei Yaqi Ren Joshua Sokolowski Xiaodong Zhu Gang Wu | 2020 | InfoMat2020,2,3: | 8 |
| 3 | 施钾对小麦/ 玉米产量及土壤钾素平衡的影响显示文摘为指导河南小麦/玉米生产中钾肥的合理施用,于2010-2012年在高、中和低三种土壤供钾水平的试验点,研究了施钾量及施钾技术对小麦/玉米轮作产量、钾肥利用效率及土壤钾素平衡的影响。结果表明,在高钾、中钾和低钾土壤上施用钾肥,玉米分别增产4.76%~12.49%、7.56%~16.08%和7.01%~22.61%;小麦分别增产6.87%~13.87%、11.19%~18.57%和18.71%~27.49%。在不同供钾水平土壤上小麦钾肥利用效率均高于玉米,钾肥偏生产力表现为高钾点〉中钾点〉低钾点,高钾点钾肥当季利用率较高,低钾点的农学效率较高;当施钾量为90、135 kg·hm-2时,小麦和玉米均以钾肥分2次施用效果较好;施钾量为45 kg·hm-2时,玉米以底施较好,小麦以追施较好。低钾和中钾点在施钾量大于45 kg·hm-2时,基本就能维持土壤钾素平衡,而高钾点则在施钾量大于90 kg·hm-2时土壤钾素才有盈余。综合来看,高、中和低钾点适宜的钾肥用量分别在45、90、135 kg·hm-2左右,以钾肥分2次施用效果较好。 | 张辉 张立花 黄玉芳 叶优良 崔建宇 Eldad Sokolowski | 2013 | 麦类作物学报2013,33,5: | 8 |
| 4 | Acute Hepatitis E Virus Infection Presenting as a Prolonged Cholestatic Jaundice显示文摘 | Laura Mechnik Nina Bergman Malka Attali Marc Beergabel Bruce Mosenkis Nadia Sokolowski Stephen Malnick | 2001 | Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology2001,,5: | 2 |
| 5 | 烧结钎焊粉末冶金零件研究显示文摘烧结钎焊是一种已确立的粉末冶金零件连接工艺,经常用于生产汽车零部件。成功的钎焊连接主要取决于钎焊合金、连接表面与烧结气氛间的相互作用。将广泛使用的钎焊合金,Ancorbraze 72(AB 72),设计成与焊接的母体材料形成合金和能局部密封钢粉末冶金零件的表面孔隙,从而可防止因熔渗造成钎料材料的大量损失。本文将检验在不同生产工艺条件下钎焊的性状,和研究与表征焊剂与铁使钎焊合金的改性对熔化与凝固性状的影响。 | Sokolowski Peter K. Thomas F.Murphy Bruce A.Lindsley 亓家钟 | 2012 | 粉末冶金工业2012,22,1: | 2 |
| 6 | Evaluation of tube formability and material characteristics: hydraulic bugle testing of tubes显示文摘 | T Sokolowski K GerKe M Ahemtoglu | 2000 | Journal of Materials Processing Technology2000,98,: | 2 |
| 7 | On-line prediction of aluminum-silicon eutectic modification level using thermal analysis 显示文摘 | Djurdjevic M Jiang H Sokolowski J | 2001 | Materials Characterization2001,46,1: | 1 |
| 8 | Effect of temporary ischemia upon development and histological patterns of acute Pancreatitis in the rat显示文摘 | Sokolowski A Letko G | 1989 | Pathol Res Pract1989,184,5: | 1 |
| 9 | Prospective study of postoperative lumbar epidural hematoma显示文摘 | SOKOLOWSKI M J GARVEY T A | 2008 | Spine2008,33,: | 1 |
| 10 | Comparative non- clinical assessments of the proposed biosimilar PF-05280586 and rituximab ( MabThera ) 显示文摘 | RYAN AM SOKOLOWSKI SA NG CK | 2014 | Toxicol Pathol2014,42,7: | 1 |
| 11 | Phase behavior of Lennard-Jones fluids in pores formed between two cylindrical walls 显示文摘 | Reszko-Zygmunt J Rzysko W Sokolowski S | 2002 | Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects2002,208,: | 1 |
| 12 | Evalua tion of Tube Formability and Material Characteris- tics:Hydraulic Bulge Testing of Tubes显示文摘 | Sokolowski T Geke K Ahmetoglu M | 2000 | Journal of Materials Processing Technology2000,98,1: | 1 |
| 13 | Today's threat of use of organophosphorus compounds显示文摘 | Sokolowski R Pusa T | 2015 | Pol Merkur Lekarski2015,39,231: | 1 |
| 14 | Guidelines for thoracerttesis and needle biopsy of the pleural显示文摘 | Sokolowski J W Burgher L W Jones F L | 1989 | Am RevRespir Dis1989,140,1: | 1 |
| 15 | Evaluation of tube formability and material characteristics: hydraulic bulge testing of tubes 显示文摘 | Sokolowski T Gerke K Ahmetoglu M | 2000 | JMat Processing Tech2000,98,1: | 1 |
| 16 | Mutations in the larval foraging gene affect adult locomotory behavior after feeding in Drosophila melanogaster显示文摘 | PEREIRA H S SOKOLOWSKI M B | 1993 | Proc Natl Acad Sci USA1993,90,11: | 1 |
| 17 | Genetic localization of foraging(for):a major gene for larval behavior in Drosophila melanogaster显示文摘 | DE BELLE J S HILLIKER A J SOKOLOWSKI M B | 1989 | Genetics1989,123,1: | 1 |
| 18 | From foraging to operant conditioning: a new computer-controlled skinner box to study free- flying nectar gathering behavior in bees 显示文摘 | SOKOLOWSKI M B C ABRAMSON C I | 2010 | Journal of Neuroscience Methods2010,188,2: | 1 |
| 19 | Influence of gene action across different time scales on behavior显示文摘 | BEN-SHAHAR Y ROBICHON A SOKOLOWSKI M B | 2002 | Science2002,296,5568: | 1 |
| 20 | Dispersion interference in the pulsed-wire measurement method显示文摘 | Shahal O Elkonin B V Sokolowski J S | 1990 | Nucl Instr and Meth In Phys Res1990,296,: | 1 |