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| 1 | Dementia and osteoporosis in a geriatric population: Is there a common link?显示文摘AIM To determine the existence of a common pathological link between dementia and osteoporosis through reviewing the current evidence base. METHODS This paper reviews the current literature on osteoporosis and dementia in order to ascertain evidence of a common predisposing aetiology. A literature search of Ovid MEDLINE(1950 to June 2016) was conducted. The keywords 'osteoporosis', 'osteoporotic fracture', 'dementia' and 'Alzheimer's disease'(AD) were used to determine the theoretical links with the most significant evidence base behind them. The key links were found to be vitamins D and K, calcium, thyroid disease, statins, alcohol and sex steroids. These subjects were then searched in combination with the previous terms and the resulting papers manually examined. Theoretical, in vitro and in vivo research were all used to inform this review which focuses on the most well developed theoretical common causes for dementia(predominantly Alzheimer's type) and osteoporosis.RESULTS Dementia and osteoporosis are multifaceted disease processes with similar epidemiology and a marked increase in prevalence in elderly populations. The existence of a common link between the two has been suggested despite a lack of clear pathological overlap in our current understanding. Research to date has tended to be fragmented and relatively weak in nature with multiple confounding factors reflecting the difficulties of in vivo experimentation in the population of interest. Despite exploration of various possible mechanisms in search for a link between the two pathologies, this paper found that it is possible that these associations are coincidental due to the nature of the evidence available. One finding in this review is that prior investigation into common aetiologies has found raised amyloid beta peptide levels in osteoporotic bone tissue, with a hypothesis that amyloid beta disorders are systemic disorders resulting in differing tissue manifestations. However, our findings were that the most compelling evidence of a common yet independent aetiology lies in the APOE4 allele, which is a well-established risk for AD but also carries an independent association with fracture risk. The mechanism behind this is thought to be the reduced plasma vitamin K levels in individuals exhibiting the APOE4 allele which may be amplified by the nutritional deficiencies associated with dementia, which are known to include vitamins K and D. The vitamin theory postulates that malnutrition and reduced exposure to sunlight in patients with AD leads to vitamin deficiencies. CONCLUSION Robust evidence remains to be produced regarding potential links and regarding the exact aetiology of these diseases and remains relevant given the burden of dementia and osteoporosis in our ageing population. Future research into amyloid beta, APOE4 and vitamins K and D as the most promising aetiological links should be welcomed. | Candice L Downey Adam Young Emily F Burton Simon M Graham Robert J Macfarlane Eva-Maria Tsapakis Eleftherios Tsiridis | 2017 | World Journal of Orthopedics2017，8，5： | 6 |
| 2 | Longterm multiple color imaging of live cells using quantum dot bioconjugates 显示文摘 | Jaiswal J K Mattoussi H Mauro J M Simon S F | 2003 | Nature Biotechnolgy2003，21，： | 1 |
| 3 | The biological impact of mass-spectrometry-based proteomics 显示文摘 | Cravatt B F Simon G M Yates J R 3rd | 2007 | Nature2007，450，7172： | 1 |
| 4 | Electrode compositions for carbon power supercapacitors显示文摘 | BONNEFOI L SIMON P FAUVARQUE J F | 1999 | J Power Sources1999，80，： | 1 |
| 5 | 查看详情显示文摘 | Mijatovic T De Nève N Bruyère C Simon G Dewelle J Van Quaquebeke E Van Der A.E Van Vynckt F Lefranc F Kiss R | | 0，，： | 1 |
| 6 | Carrying capacity in the tourism industry: a case study of Hengistbury Head显示文摘 | Simon F J G Narangajavana Y Marquis D P | 2004 | Tourism Manage- ment2004，25，： | 1 |
| 7 | Two-phase n-butenes dimerization by nickel complexes in molten salt media显示文摘 | Dupont J de Souza R F | 1998 | Appl Catal A:General1998，775，： | 1 |
| 8 | Electrochemical characteristics and impedance spectroscopy studies of carbon-carbon supercapacitors显示文摘 | TABERNA P L SIMON P FAUVARQUE J F | 2003 | J Electrochem Soc2003，150，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Quantification of clinical morbidity associated with schistosome infection in sub-Saharan Africa显示文摘 | Marieke J van der Werf Sake J de Vlas Simon Brooker Caspar W.N Looman Nico J.D Nagelkerke J.Dik F Habbema Dirk Engels | 2003 | Acta Tropica2003，，2： | 1 |
| 10 | The relation of postmenopausal hormone therapy to serum uric acid and the risk of coronary heart disease events: the Heart and Estrogen-Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) 显示文摘 | SIMON J A LIN F VITTINGHOFF E | 2006 | Ann Epidemiol2006，16，： | 1 |
| 11 | An empirical examination of the Fisher effect in Australia显示文摘 | Mishkin F Simon J | 1995 | Economic Record1995，71，： | 1 |
| 12 | Open systems: panoramic views of gene expression 显示文摘 | Green C D Simons J F Taillon B E | 2001 | Journal of Immunological Methods2001，250，12： | 1 |
| 13 | New technique for treatment of unstable distal femur fractures by locked double-plating:Case report and biomechanical evaluation显示文摘 | Jazrawi L M Kummer F J Simon J A | 2000 | J Trauma2000，48，1： | 1 |
| 14 | Analytical methods to determine phytoestrogenic compounds显示文摘 | Wang M F Simon J E | 2004 | Journal of Chromatography B2004，，812： | 1 |
| 15 | Multielectrode prismatic power prototype carbon / earbon super-capacitors 显示文摘 | BONNEFOI L SIMON P FAUVARQUE J F | 1999 | Power Sources1999，83，： | 1 |
| 16 | Electrode compositions for carbon power supercapacitors显示文摘 | Bonnefoi L Simon P Fauvarque J F | 1999 | J Power Sources1999，80，： | 1 |
| 17 | Utility of leg ultrasonographyin suspected symptomatic isolated calf deep venous thrombosis显示文摘 | Simons GR Skibo LK Polak J F | 1995 | Am J Med1995，99，： | 1 |
| 18 | A new method for the nonlinear transformation of means and covarianees in filters and estimators显示文摘 | SIMON J JEFFREY U HUGH F D W | 2000 | IEEE Trans- action on Automatic Control2000，45，3： | 1 |
| 19 | A QTL affecting milk yield and composition maps to bovine chromosome 20: A confirmation 显示文摘 | Arranz J J Coppieters W Berzi P Cambisano N Grisart B Karim L Marcq F Moreau L Mezer C Riquet J Simon P Vanmanshoven P Wagenaar D and Georges M | 1998 | Animal Genetics1998，29，： | 1 |
| 20 | Decision framing:Moderating effects of individual differences and cognitive processing显示文摘 | Simon A F Fagley N S Halleran J G | 2004 | Journal of Behavioral Decision Making2004，，17： | 1 |
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