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| 1 | Conditioning and PPP processing of smartphone GNSS measurements in realistic environments显示文摘Smartphones typically compute position using duty-cycled Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) L1 code measurements and Single Point Positioning (SPP) processing with the aid of cellular and other measurements. This internal positioning solution has an accuracy of several tens to hundreds of meters in realistic environments (hand-held, vehicle dashboard, suburban, urban forested, etc.). With the advent of multi-constellation, dual-frequency GNSS chips in smartphones, along with the ability to extract raw code and carrier-phase measurements, it is possible to use Precise Point Positioning (PPP) to improve positioning without any additional equipment. This research analyses GNSS measurement quality parameters from a Xiaomi MI 8 dual-frequency smartphone in varied, realistic environments. In such environments, the system suffers from frequent phase loss-of-lock leading to data gaps. The smartphone measurements have low and irregular carrier-to-noise (C/N0) density ratio and high multipath, which leads to poor or no positioning solution. These problems are addressed by implementing a prediction technique for data gaps and a C/N0-based stochastic model for assigning realistic a priori weights to the observables in the PPP processing engine. Using these conditioning techniques, there is a 64% decrease in the horizontal positioning Root Mean Square (RMS) error and 100% positioning solution availability in sub-urban environments tested. The horizontal and 3D RMS were 20 cm and 30 cm respectively in a static open-sky environment and the horizontal RMS for the realistic kinematic scenario was 7 m with the phone on the dashboard of the car, using the SwiftNav Piksi Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) solu-tion as reference. The PPP solution, computed using the YorkU PPP engine, also had a 5-10% percentage point more availability than the RTK solution, computed using RTKLIB software, since missing measurements in the logged file cause epoch rejection and a non-continuous solution, a problem which is solved by prediction for the PPP solution. The internal unaided positioning solution of the phone obtained from the logged NMEA (The National Marine Elec-tronics Association) file was computed using point positioning with the aid of measurements from internal sensors. The PPP solution was 80% more accurate than the internal solution which had periodic drifts due to non-continuous computation of solution. | Ganga Shinghal Sunil Bisnath | 2021 | Satellite Navigation2021，2，1： | 7 |
| 2 | SPTA: A proposed algorithm for thinning binary patterns 显示文摘 | Naccache N J Shinghal R | 1984 | IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics1984，14，3： | 1 |
| 3 | An investigation into the skeletonization approach of Hilditch显示文摘 | Naccache N J Shinghal R | 1984 | Pattern Recognition1984，17，3： | 1 |
| 4 | An Investigation into the Skeletonization Approach of Hilditch 显示文摘 | Naccache N J Shinghal R | 1984 | Pattern Recognition1984，17，3： | 1 |
| 5 | Serum soluble interleukin - 2 ( IL - 2 ) receptor levels in women with breast caroinoma and its correlation with IL - 2 receptor expression on blood lymphocytes and lymphocytic infiltration within the tumour 显示文摘 | Sharma S Saha K Shinghal RN e t al | 1991 | Cancer Immunol Immunother1991，33，3： | 1 |
| 6 | An Investigation Into the Skeletonization Approach of Hilditeh 显示文摘 | Naecache N J Shinghal R | 1984 | Pattern Recognition1984，17，3： | 1 |
| 7 | SPTA:A proposed algorithm for thinning by binary patterns显示文摘 | Naccache N J Shinghal R | | 0，，03： | 1 |
| 8 | SPTA: A proposed algorithm for thinning binary patterns显示文摘 | Naccache N J Shinghal R | 1984 | IEEE Transactions on System Man and Cybernetics1984，14，3： | 1 |
| 9 | Freight mode choice and adaptive stated preferences 显示文摘 | Shinghal N Fowkes T | 2002 | Transportation Research Part E2002，38，5： | 1 |
| 10 | Freight Mode Choice and Adaptive Stated Preferences显示文摘 | SHINGHAL N FOWKES T | 2002 | Transportation Research Part E 382002，，36： | 1 |
| 11 | Serum soluble interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor levels in women with breast carcinoma and its correlation with IL-2 receptor expression on blood lymphocytes and lymphocytic infiltration within the tumour显示文摘 | Sadhna Sharma K. Saha R. N. Shinghal Gauri Bazaz Malik | 1991 | Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy1991，，3： | 1 |
| 12 | Freight mode choice and adaptive stated preferences显示文摘 | Nalin Shinghal Tony Fowkes | 2002 | Transportation Research Part E2002，，38： | 1 |
| 13 | Medial Mandibulotomies:Is there sufficient space in the midline to allow a mandibulotomy without compromising the dentition显示文摘 | Shinghal T Bissada E Chan HB | | 0，，01： | 1 |
| 14 | Freight mode choice and adaptive stated preferences 显示文摘 | Nalin Shinghal Tony Fowkes | 2002 | Transportation Research: Part E2002，38，5： | 1 |
| 15 | Freight Mode Choice and Adaptive Stated Preferences显示文摘 | NALIN SHINGHAL TONY FOWKES | 2002 | Transportation Research Part E2002，38，5： | 1 |
| 16 | Foundation and application of knowledge base verification显示文摘 | PREECE AD SHINGHAL R | 1994 | International Journal of Intelligent Systems1994，9，： | 1 |
| 17 | An investigation into the skeletonization approach of Hilditeh显示文摘 | Naccache N J Shinghal R | 1984 | Pattern Recognition1984，17，3： | 1 |
| 18 | An investigation into the skeletonization approach of Hilditch 显示文摘 | Naccache N J Shinghal R | 1984 | Pattern Recognition1984，17，3： | 1 |
| 19 | Model-based 3-D segmentation of multiple sclerosis lesions in magnetic resonance brain images显示文摘 | Kamber M Shinghal R Collins D L | 1995 | IEEE Trans on Medical Imaging1995，14，3： | 1 |
| 20 | Freight mode choice and adaptive stated preferences显示文摘 | Tony Fowkes | 2002 | Transportation Research:Part E2002，38，5： | 1 |
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