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| 1 | Ammonia-oxidizing archaea and bacteria are structured by geography in biological soil crusts across North American arid lands显示文摘Introduction:Biological soil crusts(BSCs)can dominate surface cover in dry lands worldwide,playing an integral role in arid land biogeochemistry,particularly in N fertilization through fixation and cycling.Nitrification is a characteristic and universal N transformation in BSCs that becomes important for the export of N beyond the microscopic bounds of the crust itself.The contribution of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria(AOB)in BSCs has been shown,but the role and extent of the recently discovered ammonia-oxidizing archaea(AOA)have not.Methods:We sampled various types of crusts in four desert regions across the western United States and characterized the composition and size of ammonia-oxidizing communities using clone libraries and quantitative PCR targeting the amoA gene,which codes for the ammonia monooxygenase enzyme,universally present in ammonia-oxidizing microbes.Results:All archaeal amoA sequences retrieved from BSCs belonged to the Thaumarchaeota(Nitrososphaera associated Group I.1b).Sequences from the Sonoran Desert,Colorado Plateau,and Great Basin were indistinguishable from each other but distinct from those of the Chihuahuan Desert.Based on amoA gene abundances,archaeal and bacterial ammonia oxidizers were ubiquitous in our survey,but the ratios of archaeal to bacterial ammonia oxidizers shifted from bacterially dominated in northern,cooler deserts to archaeally dominated in southern,warmer deserts.Conclusions:Archaea are shown to be potentially important biogeochemical agents of biological soil crust N cycling.Conditions associated with different types of BSCs and biogeographical factors reveal a niche differentiation between AOA and AOB,possibly driven by temperature. | Yevgeniy Marusenko Scott T Bates Ian Anderson Shannon L Johnson Tanya Soule Ferran Garcia-Pichel | 2013 | Ecological Processes2013，2，1： | 4 |
| 2 | Hydrocarbon-free resonance transition 795 nm rubidium laser显示文摘 | Wu S S Q Soules T F Page R H | 2007 | Opt Lett2007，32，16： | 1 |
| 3 | A maximization technique occurring in the statistical analysis of proba bilistic functions pf Markov chains显示文摘 | Baum L E Petrie T Soules G | 1970 | Ann Math Statist1970，41，1： | 1 |
| 4 | Behavioral diversity and a probabilistically optimal GP ensemble 显示文摘 | IMAMURA K SOULE T HECKENDORN R B | 2003 | Genetic Programming and Evolvable Machines2003，4，3： | 1 |
| 5 | A maximization technique occurring in the statistical analysis of probabilis- tic functions of Markov chains显示文摘 | Baum L E Petrie T Soules G | 1970 | Annals of Mathematical Statistics1970，41，1： | 1 |
| 6 | Isolation and characterization of a spontaneously immortalized human breast epithelial cell line,MCF-10显示文摘 | Soule H D Maloney T M Wolman S R | 1990 | Cancer Res1990，50，： | 1 |
| 7 | A maximization technique occurring in the statistical analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov Chains显示文摘 | Baum L E Petrie T P Soules G Weiss N | 1970 | Annals of Mathematical Statistics?1970，41，： | 1 |
| 8 | Archaeal popula- tions in biological soil crusts from arid lands in North America 显示文摘 | Soule T Anderson I J Johnson S L | 2009 | Soil Biology & Biochemistry2009，41，10： | 1 |
| 9 | Occurrence Patterns of Bird Species in Habitat Fragments:Samples,Extinction,and Nested Species Subsets显示文摘 | BOLGER D T ALBERTS A C SOULE M E | 1991 | The American Naturalist1991，137，2： | 1 |
| 10 | MiCA : a webba-sed tool for the analysis of microbial communities basedon terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphisms of16S and 18S rRNA genes 显示文摘 | SHYU C SOULE T BENT S J | 2007 | Microb Ecol2007，53，4： | 1 |
| 11 | Archaealpopulations in biological soil crusts from arid lands inNorth America显示文摘 | Soule T Anderson IJ Johnson SL | 2009 | Soil Biology & Biochemistry2009，41，10： | 1 |
| 12 | Does I = PAT Work in Local Places? 显示文摘 | DeHart J L Soule P T | 2000 | Professional Geographer2000，52，1： | 1 |
| 13 | A maximization technique occurring in the statistical analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov chains 显示文摘 | Baum L E Petrie T Soules G | 1970 | Ann Math Stati1970，41，： | 1 |
| 14 | MiCA: a web-based tool for the analysis of microbial communities based on terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 16S and 18S rRNA genes显示文摘 | Shyu C Soule T Bent SJ | 2007 | Microbial Ecology2007，53，4： | 1 |
| 15 | A maximiza- tion technique occurring in the statistical analysis of probabilistic functions of Markov ehains显示文摘 | Baum L E Petrie T Soules G | 1970 | The Annals of athematical Statistics1970，41，1： | 1 |
| 16 | Future Time Perspective as Predictor of Cannabis Use: Exploring the R01e of Substance Per- ception Among French Adolescents显示文摘 | Apostolidis T Fieulaine N Soule F | 2006 | Addictive Behaviors2006，，31： | 1 |
| 17 | A comparative genomics approach to understanding the biosynthesis of the sunsereen scytonemin in cyanobacteria 显示文摘 | SOULE T PALMER K GAO Q J | 2009 | BMC Genomics2009，10，： | 1 |
| 18 | MiCA: A web-based tool for the a- nalysis of microbial communities based on terminal-restriction nt length polymorphisms of 16S and 18S rRNA genes显示文摘 | SHYU C SOULE T BENT S J | 2007 | Microbial Ecology2007，53，： | 1 |
| 19 | An efficient and stable algorithm for calculating fictive temperatures 显示文摘 | Markovsky A Soules T F | 1984 | Journal of the American Ceramic society1984，，4： | 1 |
| 20 | MiCA:A Web-Based Tool for the Analysis of Microbial Communities Based on Terminal-Restriction Frag-ment Length Polymorphisms of16S and18S rRNA Genes显示文摘 | SHYU C SOULE T BENT S J | 2007 | Journal of Microbial Ecology2007，53，： | 1 |
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